
High Performance Images
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Content
- Intro
- Copyright
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- Who Should Read This Book
- What This Book Isn't
- Navigating This Book
- Why We Wrote This Book
- Acknowledgments
- Conventions Used in This Book
- Using Code Examples
- Safari® Books Online
- How to Contact Us
- Chapter 1. The Case for Performance
- What About Mobile Apps?
- Speed Matters
- Do Images Impact the Speed of Websites?
- Lingering Challenges
- Part I. Image Files and Formats
- Chapter 2. The Theory Behind Digital Images
- Digital Image Basics
- Sampling
- Image Data Representation
- Color Spaces
- Additive Versus Substractive
- Color Profiles
- Alpha Channel
- Frequency Domain
- Image Formats
- Why Image-Specific Compression?
- Raster Versus Vector
- Lossy Versus Lossless Formats
- Lossy Versus Lossless Compression
- Prediction
- Entropy Encoding
- Relationship with Video Formats
- Comparing Images
- PSNR and MSE
- SSIM
- Butteraugli
- Summary
- Chapter 3. Lossless Image Formats
- GIF (It's Pronounced "GIF")
- Block by Block
- Animation
- Transparency with GIF
- LZW, or the Rise and Fall of the GIF
- The PNG File Format
- Understanding the Mechanics of the PNG Format
- PNG Signature
- Chunks
- Filters
- Interlacing
- Image Formats
- Transparency with PNG
- There Can Be Only One!
- Summary
- Chapter 4. JPEG
- History
- The JPEG Format
- Containers
- Markers
- Color Transformations
- Subsampling
- Entropy Coding
- DCT
- Progressive JPEGs
- Unsupported Modes
- JPEG Optimizations
- Lossy
- Lossless
- MozJPEG
- Summary
- Chapter 5. Browser-Specific Formats
- WebP
- WebP Browser Support
- WebP Details
- WebP Tools
- JPEG XR
- JPEG XR Browser Support
- JPEG XR Details
- JPEG XR Tools
- JPEG 2000
- JPEG 2000 Browser Support
- JPEG 2000 Details
- JPEG 2000 Tools
- Summary
- Chapter 6. SVG and Vector Images
- The Trouble with Raster Formats
- What Is a Vector Image?
- SVG Fundamentals
- The Grid
- Understanding the Canvas
- viewBox
- Getting into Shape
- Grouping Shapes Together
- Filters
- SVG Optimizations
- Enabling GZip or Brotli
- Reducing Complexity
- Converting Text to Outlines
- Automating Optimization Through Tooling
- Installing the SVGO Node Tool
- SVGOMG: The Better to See You With, My Dear
- Pick Your Flavor
- Summary
- Part II. Image Loading
- Chapter 7. Browser Image Loading
- Referencing Images
- &img& tag
- CSS background-image
- When Are Images Downloaded?
- Building the Document Object Model
- The Preloader
- Networking Constraints and Prioritization
- HTTP/2 Prioritization
- CSSOM and Background Image Download
- Service Workers and Image Decoding
- Summary
- Chapter 8. Lazy Loading
- The Digital Fold
- Wasteful Image Downloads
- Why Aren't Browsers Dealing with This?
- Loading Images with JavaScript
- Deferred Loading
- Lazy Loading/Images On Demand
- IntersectionObserver
- When Are Images Loaded?
- The Preloader and Images
- Lazy Loading Variations
- Browsers Without JS
- Low-Quality Image Placeholders
- Critical Images
- Summary
- Chapter 9. Image Processing
- Decoding
- Measuring
- How Slow Can You Go?
- Memory Footprint
- GPU Decoding
- Triggering GPU Decoding
- Summary
- Chapter 10. Image Consolidation (for Network and Cache Efficiencies)
- The Problem
- TCP Connections and Parallel Requests
- Small Objects Impact the Connection Pool
- Efficient Use of the Connection
- Impact on Browser Cache: Metadata and Small Images
- Small Objects Observed
- Logographic Pages
- Raster Consolidation
- CSS Spriting
- Data URIs
- Vector Image Consolidation
- Icon Fonts
- SVG Sprites
- Summary
- Chapter 11. Responsive Images
- How RWD Started
- Early Hacks
- Use Cases
- Fixed-Dimensions Images
- Variable-Dimensions Images
- Art Direction
- Art Direction Versus Resolution Switching
- Image Formats
- Avoiding "Download and Hide"
- Use Cases Are Not Mutually Exclusive
- Standard Responsive Images
- srcset x Descriptor
- srcset w Descriptor
- &picture&
- Serving Different Image Formats
- Practical Advice
- To Picturefill or Not to Picturefill, That Is the Question
- Intrinsic Dimensions
- Selection Algorithms
- srcset Resource Selection May Change
- Feature Detection
- currentSrc
- Client Hints
- Are Responsive Images "Done"?
- Background Images
- Height Descriptors
- Responsive Image File Formats
- Progressive JPEG
- JPEG 2000
- Responsive Image Container
- FLIF
- Summary
- Chapter 12. Client Hints
- Overview
- Step 1: Initiate the Client Hints Exchange
- Step 2: Opt-in and Subsequent Requests
- Step 3: Informed Response
- Client Hint Components
- Viewport-Width
- Device Pixel Ratio
- Width
- Downlink
- Save-Data
- Accept-CH
- Content-DPR
- Mobile Apps
- Legacy Support and Device Characteristics
- Fallback: "Precise Mode" with Device Characteristics + Cookies
- Fallback: Good-Enough Approach
- Selecting the Right Image Width
- Summary
- Chapter 13. Image Delivery
- Image Dimensions
- Image Format Selection: Accept, WebP, JPEG 2000, and JPEG XR
- Image Quality
- Quality and Image Byte Size
- Quality Index and SSIM
- Selecting SSIM and Quality Use Cases
- Creating Consensus on Quality Index
- Quality Index Conclusion
- Achieving Cache Offload: Vary and Cache-Control
- Informing the Client with Vary
- Middle Boxes, Proxies with Cache-Control (and TLS)
- CDNs and Vary and Cache-Control
- Near Future: Key
- Single URL Versus Multiple URLs
- File Storage, Backup, and Disaster Recovery
- Size on Disk
- Cost of Metadata
- Domain Sharding and HTTP2
- How Do I Avoid Cache Busting and Redownloading?
- How Many Shards Should I Use?
- What Should I Do for HTTP/2?
- Best Practices
- Secure Image Delivery
- Secure Transport of Images
- Secure Transformation of Images
- Secure Transformation: Architecture
- Summary
- Chapter 14. Operationalizing Your Image Workflow
- Some Use Cases
- The e-Commerce Site
- The Social Media Site
- The News Site
- Business Logic and Watermarking
- Hello, Images
- Getting Started with a Derivative Image Workflow
- ImageMagick
- A Simple Derivative Image Workflow Using Bash
- An Image Build System
- A Build System Checklist
- High Volume, High Performance Images
- A Dynamic Image Server
- Chapter 15. Summary
- So.What Do I Do Again?
- Optimize for the Mobile Experience
- Optimize for the Different "Users"
- Creating Consensus
- Appendix A. Raster Image Formats
- Appendix B. Common Tools
- Appendix C. Evolution of &img&
- 1989: Inline Images, GIFs, and Patents
- 1995: HTML 2.0 and &img lowsrc&
- 2000: Dark Ages of Images-HTML 4.01, CSS, and the Status Quo
- 2007: Mobile! Mobile! Mobile!
- 2010: Responsive Web Design, Retina Displays, and Responsive Images
- 2014 Responsive Images HTML Spec
- New Image Formats
- 2015: Client Hints and Accepts
- Index
- About the Authors
- Colophon
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