Synthetic Membrane Process

ContributorsPreface1. Membrane Methods in Water and Wastewater Treatment: An Overview I. Introduction II. Principles of Membrane Processes III. Applications of Membrane Processes IV. Conclusions References2. Structure of Water and Aqueous Systems I. Introduction II. Structure of Liquid Water III. Electrolyte Solutions IV. Water-Organic Solute-Salt Solutions V. Examples of Aqueous Systems VI. Water in Desalination Membranes and the Desalination Mechanism References3. Hyperfiltration Membranes, Their Stability and Life I. Introduction II. Mechanical Effects III. The Effect of Pressure IV. Chemical Effects V. Microbiological Attack VI. Membrane Regeneration VII. Conclusion References4. Polarization Phenomena in Membrane Processes I. Introduction II. Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration III. Electrodialysis References5. Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow and Solute Distribution in Pressure-Driven Membrane Modules I. Introduction and Overview II. Field Equations and Common Submodels III. Comprehensive Case Studies IV. Conclusions and Future Work References6. Electrodialysis-Membranes and Mass Transport I. Principle of Electrodialysis II. Mass Transfer through Permselective Membranes III. Manufacture of Permselective Membranes IV. Membrane Permselectivity V. Diffusion VI. Water Transport through Permselective Membranes VII. Electrotransport of Large Ions through Permselective Membranes VIII. Energy and Membrane Area Requirements IX. Resin-Filled Cells References7. Desalting Experience by Hyperfiltration (Reverse Osmosis) in the United States I. Introduction II. The Concept III. Reverse Osmosis Membranes IV. Theoretical Considerations V. Plant Equipment VI. Membrane Permeators VII. Applications of Reverse Osmosis to Water Desalination VIII. Applications of Reverse Osmosis to Wastewater Renovation IX. Control of Product Flux Decline X. Economics of Reverse Osmosis XI. Conclusions References8. Desalting Experience Using Hyperfiltration in Europe and Japan I. Introduction II. Seawater Desalination III. Hyperfiltration of Brackish Water IV. Hyperfiltration as Unit Operation in Industry V. Hyperfiltration of Liquid Foods VI. Wastewater Renovation by Hyperfiltration VII. Summary References9. Water and Wastewater Treatment Experience in Europe and Japan Using Ultrafiltration I. Introduction II. Membrane Materials Used in Ultrafiltration Systems III. Ultrafiltration Modules and Systems Designs IV. Practical Experience in Ultrafiltration V. Ultrafiltration Plant Design and Process Costs VI. Manufacturers and Distributors of Ultrafiltration Equipment in Japan and Europe References10. Design, Operation, and Maintenance of a 5-mgd Wastewater Reclamation Reverse Osmosis Plant I. Introduction II. Design and Operation of a 5-mgd Reverse Osmosis Plant for Water Reclamation III. Orange County Water District Responsibilities and Background Leading to Present Facilities IV. Water Factory 21 Process Description V. 5-mgd Reverse Osmosis Performance VI. Detailed Process Description VII. Performance VIII. Discussion IX. Summary and Conclusions X. Reverse Osmosis Demineralization Costs References11. Design and Operation of Desalting Systems Based on Membrane Processes Introduction I. The Membrane Plant--Reverse Osmosis II. The Membrane Plant--Electrodialysis III. The Membrane Plant--Ultrafiltration IV. Pretreatment V. Posttreatment VI. Conclusion References12. Economics of the Application of Membrane Processes. Part 1: Desalting Brackish and Seawaters I. Introduction II. Desalting Brackish Waters III. Desalting Seawater IV. General Conclusions References13.