Radar Equations for Modern Radar

Name: Radar Equations for Modern Radar
Brand: Artech House
Price: 140.99 EUR
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David K. Barton(Author)

Artech House (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 1. January 2012

452 pages

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978-1-60807-522-5 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Radar Equations for Modern Radar
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Development of the Radar Equation
1.1 Radar Equation Fundamentals
1.1.1 Maximum Available Signal-to-Noise Ratio
1.1.2 Minimum Required Signal-to-Noise Ratio
1.1.3 Maximum Detection Range for Pulsed Radar
1.2 The Original Radar Equation
1.3 Blake's Radar Equation for Pulsed Radar
1.3.1 Significance of Terms in Blake's Equation
1.3.2 Methods of Solving for Range
1.3.3 Advantages of the Blake Chart
1.3.4 Blake's Coherent Radar Equation
1.3.5 Blake's Bistatic Range Equation
1.4 other forms of the radar equation
1.4.1 Hall's Radar Equations
1.4.2 Barton's Radar Equations
1.5 avoiding Pitfalls in Range Calculation
1.5.1 System Noise Temperature Ts
1.5.2 Use of Signal-to-Noise Energy Ratio
1.5.3 Use of Average Power
1.5.4 Bandwidth Correction and Matching Factors
1.5.5 Detectability Factors for Arbitrary Targets
1.5.6 Pattern-Propagation Factor
1.5.7 Loss Factors
1.5.8 Summary of Pitfalls in Range Calculation
1.6 radar equation for Modern Radar Systems
1.6.1 Factors Requiring Modifications to the Range Equation
1.6.1.1 Eclipsing
1.6.1.2 Sensitivity Time Control (STC)
1.6.1.3 Beam Dwell Factor
1.6.1.4 Frequency Agility or Diversity
1.6.1.5 Lens Factor
1.6.2 Equations Applicable to Modern Radars
1.6.3 Method of Calculating Detection Range
1.6.3.1 Example Radar Range Calculation
1.6.3.2 Example for Solid-State Radar
1.6.3.3 Example for Radar with STC
1.6.4 Vertical Coverage Charts
1.6.5 Required Probability of Detection
1.7 Summary of radar equation development
References
Chapter 2 The Search Radar Equation
2.1 Derivation of the Search Radar Equation
2.2 search sectors for 2-D air surveillance
2.2.1 Elevation Coverage in 2-D Surveillance
2.2.2 Fan-Beam Pattern for 2-D Surveillance
2.2.3 Cosecant-Squared Pattern for 2-D Surveillance
2.2.4 Coverage to Constant Altitude
2.2.5 Enhanced Upper Coverage for 2-D Surveillance Radar
2.2.6 Reflector Antenna Design for 2-D Surveillance Radar
2.2.7 Array Antennas for 2-D Surveillance Radar
2.2.8 Example of Required Power-Aperture Product for 2-D Radar
2.3 Three-Dimensional Air Surveillance
2.3.1 Stacked-Beam 3-D Surveillance Radars
2.3.2 Scanning-Beam 3-D Surveillance Radars
2.3.3 Search Losses in 3-D Surveillance Radar
2.4 surveillance with multifunction array radar
2.4.1 Example of MFAR Search Sectors
2.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of MFAR Search
2.4.3 Example of Search Radar Equation for MFAR
2.5 the search fence
2.5.1 Search Sector for the Fence
2.5.2 Example ICBM Fence
2.6 Search Losses
2.6.1 Reduction in Available Energy Ratio
2.6.2 Increase in Required Energy Ratio
2.6.3 Summary of Losses
References
References
Chapter 3 Radar Equations for Clutter and Jamming
3.1 signal-to-interference ratio
3.2 clutter effect on detection range
3.2.1 Range-Ambiguous Clutter
3.2.2 Types of Radar Waveforms
3.2.3 Clutter Detectability Factor
3.2.3.1 Clutter Spectrum and Correlation Time
3.2.3.2 Clutter Correlation Loss
3.2.3.3 Clutter Distribution Loss
3.2.3.4 Clutter Detectability Factor
3.2.4 Effective Spectral Density of Clutter
3.2.5 Detection Range with Clutter
3.3 detection in surface clutter
3.3.1 Clutter from a Flat Surface
3.3.1.1 Pulsewidth-Limited Cell
3.3.1.2 Beamwidth-Limited Cell
3.3.1.3 Unequal Transmitting and Receiving Beamwidths
3.3.1.4 Effect of Range Ambiguities
3.3.2 Surface Clutter from the Spherical Earth
3.3.3 Surface Clutter Cross Section
3.3.4 Input Energy of Surface Clutter
3.3.4.1 Input Surface Clutter Energy in Pulsed Radar
3.3.4.2 Input Surface Clutter Energy in CW Radar
3.3.4.3 Input Surface Clutter Energy in Pulsed Doppler Radar
3.3.5 Detection Range of Surface-Based CW and HPRF Radars
3.3.5.1 CW Radar Detection Range
3.3.5.2 Surface-Based PD Radar
3.3.6 Summary of Detection in Surface Clutter
3.4 Detection in Volume Clutter
3.4.1 Geometry of Volume Clutter
3.4.2 Volume Clutter Cross Section
3.4.3 Volume Clutter Energy
3.4.4 Volume Clutter Detectability Factor
3.4.5 Detection Range in Volume Clutter and Noise
3.4.6 Volume Clutter in CW and PD Radars
3.4.6.1 Volume Clutter Energy for CW Radar
3.4.6.2 Detection Range for CW Radar in Volume Clutter
3.4.6.3 Example of CW Radar in Rain
3.4.6.4 Volume Clutter Energy for PD Radar
3.4.7 Summary of Detection in Volume Clutter
3.5 effects of discrete clutter
3.5.1 Effect of False Alarms
3.5.2 Required Noise False-Alarm Probability
3.5.3 Requirements for Rejection of Discrete Clutter
3.5.4 Summary of Discrete Clutter Effects
3.6 sidelobe clutter
3.6.1 Surface Clutter in Sidelobes
3.6.1.1 Sidelobe Clutter in Moving Pulsed Doppler Radars
3.6.1.2 Sidelobe Clutter in Low-Gain Antennas
3.6.2 Volume Clutter in Sidelobes
3.7 Detection in Noise Jamming
3.7.1 Objective and Methods of Noise Jamming
3.7.1.1 Support Jamming
3.7.1.2 Self-Screening Jammer (SSJ)
3.7.2 Radar Equations for Noise Jamming
3.7.2.1 Description of Jammer
3.7.2.2 Jamming Contribution to Interference
3.7.3 Examples of Noise Jamming
3.7.3.1 Barrage Jamming
3.7.3.2 Spot Jamming
3.7.3.3 Self-Screening Noise Jamming
3.8 deceptive jamming
3.8.1 Range Equations for Deceptive Jamming
3.8.1.1 Transponder Equations
3.8.1.2 Repeater Equations
3.9 Summary of detection in Jamming
3.9.1 Range with Noise Jamming
3.9.2 Deceptive Jammer Equations
3.10 Detection in combined inTerference
References
References
Chapter 4 Detection Theory
4.1 background
4.2 steady-target Detectability Factor
4.2.1 Exact Steady-Target Detection Probability
4.2.2 Threshold Level
4.2.3 Exact Steady-Target Detectability Factor
4.2.4 Exact Single-Pulse, Steady-Target Detectability Factor
4.2.5 Approximations for Single-Pulse, Steady-Target Detectability Factor
4.2.6 Approximations for n-Pulse, Steady-Target Detectability Factor
4.3 detectability factors for fluctuating targets
4.3.1 Generalized Chi-Square Target Fluctuation Model
4.3.2 Detection of Signals with Chi-Square Statistics
4.3.3 Swerling Case 1
4.3.3.1 Exact Equations for Single-Pulse, Case 1
4.3.3.2 Exact Expressions for n-Pulses, Case 1
4.3.3.3 Approximations for n-Pulse Case 1 Detectability Factor
4.3.4 Swerling Case 2
4.3.4.1 Exact Equations for Case 2
4.3.4.2 Approximations for Case 2 Detection Probability and Detectability Factor
4.3.5 Swerling Case 3
4.3.6 Swerling Case 4
4.4 approximate equations based on detector loss
4.4.1 Coherent Detection
4.4.2 Envelope Detection and Detector Loss
4.4.3 Integration Loss
4.4.4 Integration Gain
4.4.5 Fluctuation Loss
4.4.6 Case 1 Detectability Factor
4.4.7 Detectability Factors for Other Fluctuating Targets
4.5 Diversity in radar
4.5.1 Diversity Gain
4.5.2 Signal and Target Models with Diversity
4.5.2.1 Time Diversity
4.5.2.2 Frequency Diversity
4.5.2.3 Space Diversity
4.5.2.4 Polarization Diversity
4.5.2.5 Available Independent Samples
4.6 visibility factor
4.7 summary of detection theory
References
Chapter 5 Beamshape Loss
5.1 background
5.1.1 Definition of Beamshape Loss
5.1.2 Sampling in Angle Space
5.1.3 Literature on Beamshape Loss
5.1.3.1 Dense Sampling
5.1.3.2 Sparse Sampling
5.2 beamshape loss with dense sampling
5.2.1 Simple Beamshape Loss Model
5.2.2 Antenna Patterns
5.2.3 Beamshape Loss for Different Patterns
5.3 Sparse Sampling in 1-D Scan
5.3.1 Method of Calculation for 1-D Scan
5.3.2 Steady-Target Beamshape Loss for 1-D Scan
5.3.2.1 Steady Target with Integration
5.3.2.2 Steady Target with Cumulative Detection
5.3.3 Case 1 Beamshape Loss for 1-D Scan
5.3.3.1 Case 1 with Integration
5.3.3.2 Case 1 with Cumulative Detection
5.3.4 Case 2 Beamshape Loss for 1-D Scan
5.3.4.1 Case 2 with Integration
5.3.4.2 Case 2 with Cumulative Detection
5.3.5 Beamshape Loss Used in the Search Radar Equation for 1-D Scan
5.4 Sparse Sampling in 2-D raster Scan
5.4.1 Method of Calculation for 2-D Scan
5.4.2 Steady-Target Beamshape Loss for 2-D Scan
5.4.3 Case 1 Beamshape Loss for 2-D Scan
5.4.3.1 Case 1 with Integration
5.4.3.2 Case 1 with Cumulative Detection
5.4.3.3 Case 1 with Mixed Processing
5.4.4 Case 2 Beamshape Loss for 2-D Scan
5.4.4.1 Case 2 with Integration
5.4.4.2 Case 2 Target with Cumulative Detection
5.4.4.3 Case 2 with Mixed Processing
5.4.5 Diversity Target Beamshape Loss for 2-D Scan
5.4.5.1 Diversity Target with Integration
5.4.5.2 Diversity Target with Cumulative Detection
5.4.5.3 Diversity Target with Mixed Processing
5.4.6 Beamshape Loss in the Search Radar Equation for 2-D Raster Scan
5.5 sparse sampling using a triangular grid
5.5.1 Method of Calculation for Triangular Grid
5.5.2 Steady-Target Beamshape Loss for Triangular Grid
5.5.3 Case 1 Beamshape Loss for Triangular Grid
5.5.3.1 Case 1 with Integration
5.5.3.2 Case 1 with Cumulative Detection
5.5.3.3 Case 1 with Mixed Processing
5.5.4 Case 2 Beamshape Loss for Triangular Grid
5.5.4.1 Case 2 with Integration
5.5.4.2 Case 2 with Cumulative Detection
5.5.4.3 Case 2 with Mixed Processing
5.5.5 Diversity Target Beamshape Loss for Triangular Grid
5.5.6 Beamshape Loss in Search Radar Equation for Triangular Grid
5.6 Summary of Beamshape Loss
5.6.1 Beamshape Loss for Dense Sampling
5.6.2 Beamshape Loss for Sparse Sampling
5.6.2.1 One-Dimensional Scanning
5.6.2.2 Two-Dimensional Scan with Rectangular Grid
5.6.2.3 Two-Dimensional Scanning with Triangular Grid
5.6.3 Processing Methods
5.6.4 Net Beamshape Loss for the Search Radar Equation
5.6.5 Beamshape Loss for Unequally Spaced 2-D Scan
References
Appendix 5A Analytical Approximations for Beamshape Loss
5A.1 1-D Beamshape Loss
5A.1.1 Approximation for Steady Target with Integration
5A.1.2 Approximation for Steady Target with Cumulative Detection
5A.1.3 Approximation for Case 1 Target with Integration
5A.1.4 Approximation for Case 1 Target with Cumulative Detection
5A.1.5 Approximation for Case 2 Target with Integration
5A.1.6 Approximation for Case 2 Target with Cumulative Detection
5A.2 2-D Beamshape Loss with Rectangular Grid
5A.2.1 Approximation for Steady Target with Integration
5A.2.2 Approximation for Steady Target with Cumulative Detection
5A.2.3 Approximation for Steady Target with Mixed Processing
5A.2.4 Approximation for Case 1 with Integration
5A.2.5 Approximation for Case 1 with Cumulative Detection
5A.2.7 Approximation for Case 2 with Integration
5A.2.8 Approximation for Case 2 with Cumulative Detection
5A.2.9 Approximation for Case 2 with Mixed Processing
5A.2.10 Approximation for Diversity Target with Integration
5A.2.11 Approximation for Diversity Target with Cumulative Detection
5A.2.12 Approximation for Diversity Target with Mixed Processing
5A.3 2-D Beamshape Loss with Triangular Grid
5A.3.1 Approximation for Steady Target with Integration
5A.3.2 Approximation for Steady Target with Cumulative Detection
5A.3.3 Approximation for Steady Target with Mixed Processing
5A.3.4 Approximation for Case 1 with Integration
5A.3.5 Approximation for Case 1 with Cumulative Detection
5A.3.7 Approximation for Case 2 with Integration
5A.3.8 Approximation for Case 2 with Cumulative Detection
5A.3.9 Approximation for Case 2 with Mixed Processing
5A.3.10 Approximation for Diversity Target with Integration
5A.3.11 Approximation for Diversity Target with Cumulative Detection
5A.3.12 Approximation for Diversity Target with Mixed Processing
Chapter 6 System Noise Temperature
6.1 noise in the radar bands
6.1.1 Noise Spectral Density
6.1.2 Noise Statistics
6.2 sources of noise in radar reception
6.3 antenna noise temperature
6.3.1 Sources of Antenna Noise Temperature
6.3.1.1 Transmitted Power Coupling to Environment
6.3.1.2 Environmental Noise Coupling to Antenna Port
6.3.2 Sky Noise Temperature
6.3.2.1 Tropospheric Noise Temperature T(
6.3.2.2 Noise Temperature from Weather Attenuation
6.3.2.3 Cosmic Noise Temperature Tc
6.3.2.4 Total Sky Temperature Ta(
6.3.3 Noise Temperature from the Surface
6.3.4 Noise Temperature from Antenna Ohmic Loss
6.3.4.1 Feed Loss
6.3.4.2 Phase Shifter Loss
6.3.4.3 Loss from Water Films
6.3.5 Noise Temperature from Antenna Mismatch
6.3.5.1 Mismatched Mechanically Steered Antenna
6.3.5.2 Mismatched Electrically Steered Array (ESA)
6.3.6 Approximation for Antenna Noise Temperature
6.4 receiving line noise temperature
6.5 Receiver noise temperature
6.5.1 Noise in Cascaded Receiver Stages
6.5.2 Input and Output Levels
6.5.3 Quantizing Noise
6.6 summary of reciving system noise
6.6.1 Thermal Noise Dependence on Carrier Frequency
6.6.2 Applicability of Blake's Method
6.6.3 Refined Method for Modern Radar
6.6.4 Receiver and Quantization Noise Temperature
References
Chapter 7 Atmospheric Effects
7.1 tropospheric refraction
7.1.1 Refractive Index of Air
7.1.2 Standard Atmosphere
7.1.3 Inclusion of Water Vapor
7.1.4 Vertical Profile of Refractivity
7.1.5 Ray Paths in the Troposphere
7.1.5.1 Ray-Tracing Method
7.1.5.2 Altitude Based on Effective Earth's Radius
7.2 attenuation in the Troposphere
7.2.1 Sea-Level Attenuation Coefficients of Atmospheric Gases
7.2.1.1 Oxygen Attenuation
7.2.1.2 Water-Vapor Attenuation
7.2.1.3 Total Tropospheric Attenuation Coefficient
7.2.2 Variation of Attenuation Coefficients with Altitude
7.2.3 Attenuation Through the Troposphere
7.2.4 Attenuation to Range R
7.2.5 Attenuation for Dry and Moist Atmospheres
7.3 Attenuation from precipitation
7.3.1 Rain Attenuation Coefficient at 293K
7.3.2 Temperature Dependence of Rain Attenuation
7.3.3 Rainfall Rate Statistics
7.3.4 Attenuation in Snow
7.3.5 Attenuation in Clouds
7.3.6 Weather Effects on System Noise Temperature
7.4 tropospheric lens loss
7.5 ionospheric effects
7.5.1 Geometry of Ray in Ionosphere
7.5.2 Ionospheric Structure
7.5.3 Total Electron Count
7.5.4 Faraday Rotation
7.5.5 Dispersion Across Signal Spectrum
7.5.5.1 Refractivity in the Ionosphere
7.5.5.2 Time Delay through the Ionosphere
7.5.5.3 Effect of Ionosphere on Received Pulse
7.6 Summary of Atmospheric Effects
References
Chapter 8 The Pattern-Propagation Factor
8.1 F-Factor in the interference region
8.1.1 Derivation of the Interference F-Factor
8.1.2 Application of the F-Factor
8.2 geometrical models of the ray paths
8.2.1 Method 1: Flat-Earth Approximation with Distant Target
8.2.2 Method 2: Flat-Earth Approximation with Target at Arbitrary Range
8.2.3 Method 3: First-Order Approximation for Spherical Earth
8.2.4 Method 4: Approximation for Spherical Earth with Distant Target
8.2.5 Method 5: Approximation for Spherical Earth with Target at Arbitrary Range
8.2.6 Method 6: Exact Expressions for Spherical Earth with Target at Arbitrary Range
8.2.7 Comparison of Approximate Methods
8.3 Reflection Coefficient
8.3.1 Fresnel Reflection Coefficient
8.3.2 Reflection from Rough Surfaces
8.3.3 Land Surfaces with Vegetation
8.3.4 The Divergence Factor
8.4 Diffraction
8.4.1 Smooth-Sphere Diffraction
8.4.2 Knife-Edge Diffraction
8.5 The Interference Region
8.6 The intermediate region
8.6.1 F-Factor as a Function of Target Range
8.6.2 F-Factor as a Function of Altitude
8.6.3 Vertical-Plane Coverage Plots
8.6.3.1 Approximate Method of Creating Coverage Plot
8.6.3.2 Accurate Method of Creating Coverage Plot
8.7 summary of pattern-propagation factor
References
Chapter 9 Clutter and Signal Processing
9.1 models of surface clutter
9.1.1 Clutter Cross Section and Reflectivity
9.1.2 Surface Clutter Pattern-Propagation Factor
9.1.3 Spectral Properties of Surface Clutter
9.1.4 Amplitude Distributions of Surface Clutter
9.2 Models of Sea Clutter
9.2.1 Physical Properties of the Sea Surface
9.2.2 Reflectivity of Sea Clutter
9.2.3 Power Spectrum of Sea Clutter
9.2.4 Amplitude Distribution of Sea Clutter
9.3 Models of Land Clutter
9.3.1 Reflectivity of Land Clutter
9.3.2 Power Spectrum of Land Clutter
9.3.3 Amplitude Distribution of Land Clutter
9.4 Discrete Clutter
9.4.1 Discrete Land Features
9.4.2 Birds and Insects
9.4.3 Land Vehicles
9.4.4 Wind Turbines
9.5 models of volume clutter
9.5.1 Volume Clutter Cross Section and Reflectivity
9.5.2 Volume Clutter Pattern-Propagation Factor
9.5.3 Spectral Properties of Volume Clutter
9.5.4 Amplitude Distribution of Volume Clutter
9.5.5 Precipitation Clutter Models
9.5.6 Chaff Models
9.6 Clutter improvement factor
9.6.1 Coherent MTI Improvement Factors
9.6.2 Noncoherent MTI Improvement Factors
9.6.3 Other MTI Considerations
9.6.4 Pulsed Doppler Processing
9.6.5 Clutter Maps
9.7 summary of clutter and signal processing
References
Chapter 10 Loss Factors in the Radar Equation
10.1 reduction in received signal energy
10.1.1 Terms Specified in the Radar Equation
10.1.1.1 Transmission Line Loss Lt
10.1.1.2 Atmospheric Absorption L(
10.1.1.3 Pattern-Propagation Factor F
10.1.1.4 Polarization Factor Fp
10.1.2 Components of Range-Dependent Response Factor Frdr
10.1.2.1 Tropospheric Lens Factor Flens
10.1.2.2 Sensitivity Time Control Factor Fstc
10.1.2.3 Beam-Dwell Factor Fbd
10.1.2.4 Frequency Diversity Factor Ffd
10.1.2.5 Eclipsing Factor Fecl
10.1.3 Losses Included in System Noise Temperature
10.1.3.1 Receiving Line Loss Lr
10.1.3.2 Antenna Dissipative Loss La in Noise Temperature
10.1.3.3 Atmospheric Absorption Loss L( in Noise Temperature
10.1.4 Losses in the Search Radar Equation
10.1.4.1 Cosecant Pattern Loss Lcsc
10.1.4.2 Elevation Beamshape Loss Lpe
10.1.4.3 Antenna Dissipative Loss La in Search Radar Equation
10.1.4.4 Pattern Constant Ln
10.1.4.5 Antenna Illumination Loss L( in Search Radar Equation
10.1.4.6 Scan Distribution Loss Ld
10.1.4.7 Other Losses in Search Radar Equation
10.1.5 Losses Included in Antenna Gain
10.1.5.1 Antenna Illumination Loss L(
10.1.5.2 Antenna Dissipative Loss La in Antenna Gain
10.1.5.3 Other Losses in Antenna Gain
10.2 increases in required signal energy
10.2.1 Statistical Losses
10.2.1.1 Eclipsing Loss Lecl
10.2.1.2 Faraday Rotation Loss LFar
10.2.1.3 Scan Sector Loss Lsector
10.2.2 Losses in Basic Detectability Factor
10.2.2.1 Integration Loss Li
10.2.2.2 Fluctuation Loss Lf
10.2.2.3 Detector Loss Cx
10.2.3 Matching and Bandwidth Losses
10.2.3.1 Bandwidth Correction Factor Cb
10.2.3.2 Matching Loss Lm
10.2.3.3 Matching Factor M
10.2.4 Beamshape Loss Lp
10.2.5 Signal Processing Loss Lx
10.2.5.1 Binary Integration Loss Lb
10.2.5.2 CFAR loss Lg
10.2.5.3 Integrator Weighting Loss Lv
10.2.5.4 Collapsing Loss Lc
10.2.5.5 MTI Losses Lmti
10.2.5.6 Pulsed Doppler Losses
10.2.5.7 Straddling Losses
10.2.6 Losses in Clutter Detectability Factor
10.2.6.1 Clutter Correlation Loss Lcc
10.2.6.2 Clutter Distribution Loss Lcd
10.2.6.3 Clutter Map Loss Lmap
10.3 Losses in Visual detection
10.3.1 Losses in the Visibility Factor
10.3.2 Collapsing Loss on the Display
10.3.3 Bandwidth Correction Factor Cb
10.3.4 Operator Loss Lo
10.4 summary of loss factors
References
List of Symbols
Appendix: Contents of DVD
Worksheets for Chapter 1
1-1 Revised Blake Chart.mcd
1-2 Range in Thermal Noise.mcd
1-3 Required Pd.mcd
Worksheets for Chapter 2
2-1 Search Equation.mcd
2-2 Power-Aperture Product.mcd
2-3 Air Surveillance Coverage.mcd
Worksheets for Chapter 3
3-1 Range in Interference.mcd
3-2 CW and HPRF PD Range.mcd
3-3 Jamming.mcd
Worksheets for Chapter 4
4-1 Detectability Factor.mcd
Worksheets for Chapter 5
5-1 Beamshape 1-D.mcd
5-2 Beamshape 2-D Steady.mcd
5-3 Beamshape 2-D Case 1.mcd
5-4 Beamshape 2-D Case 2.mcd
5-5 Beamshape 2-D Diversity.mcd
5-6 Beamshape Triangle Steady.mcd
5-7 Beamshape Triangle Case 1.mcd
5-8 Beamshape Triangle Case 2.mcd
5-9 Beamshape Triangle Diversity.mcd
Worksheets for Chapter 6
6-1 Noise Temperature.mcd
6-2 Sky Temperature.mcd
6-3 Cascaded Receiver Stages.mcd
Worksheets for Chapter 7
7-1 Standard Atmosphere.mcd
7-2 Attenuation and Noise.mcd
7-3 Attenuation at Frequency F.mcd
7-4 Weather Attenuation.mcd
7-5 Lens Factor.mcd
7-6 Total Loss at Frequency F.mcd
7-7 Ionosphere.mcd
Worksheets for Chapter 8
8-1 Propagation Factor.mcd
8-2 Reflection Coefficient
Worksheets for Chapter 9
9-1 Surface Clutter
9-2 Volume Clutter
9-3 Clutter Improvement Factor
Worksheet for Chapter 10
10-1 Loss Factors.mcd
Supplemental Worksheets
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Radar Equations for Modern Radar

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