Biomedical Physics in Radiotherapy for Cancer

Name: Biomedical Physics in Radiotherapy for Cancer
Brand: CSIRO Publishing
Price: 100.49 EUR
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Loredana Marcu Eva Bezak Barry Allen(Author)

CSIRO Publishing

1st Edition

Published on 21. February 2012

588 pages

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978-0-643-10330-6 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Title
Copyright
Foreword
Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1 Interactions of radiation with matter
1.1 Ionising radiation
1.2 X-rays
1.2.1 Characteristic X-rays
1.2.2 Bremsstrahlung radiation
1.3 Interaction of X-rays with matter
1.3.1 Linear attenuation coefficient
1.3.2 Photoelectric effect
1.3.3 Compton scattering
1.3.4 Pair production
1.3.5 Coherent scattering
1.3.6 Total interaction coefficient
1.4 Interactions of heavy charged particles with matter
1.4.1 Bragg peak
1.4.2 Linear energy transfer (LET)
1.4.3 Stopping power (mass stopping power)
1.4.4 Range of charged particles
1.4.5 Bethe-Bloch formula
1.4.6 Rutherford scattering
1.4.7 Interactions of electrons with matter
1.5 Neutron interactions
1.5.1 Nuclear reactions with neutrons
1.6 Radioactivity
1.6.1 Basic definitions
1.6.2 Quantities and units of radioactivity
1.6.3 Sources of radionuclides and ionising radiation
1.7 Radiation quantities and units
1.7.1 Radiation weighting factors and equivalent dose
1.7.2 Tissue weighting factors and effective dose
1.8 The interaction of radiation with cells
1.9 DNA - the target
1.10 References
2 Elements of radiobiology
2.1 Target theory
2.1.1 Single hit single target theory
2.1.2 Single hit multiple target theory
2.1.3 Linear quadratic model
2.2 Cell survival curves
2.3 The cell cycle and cellular radiosensitivity
2.4 Characterisation of radiation damage
2.4.1 Lethal damage
2.4.2 Sublethal damage (SLD)
2.4.3 Potentially lethal damage (PLD)
2.5 Loss of reproductive ability in cells
2.5.1 Clonogenic assay
2.5.2 Main quantifying factors in radiation biology: LET, RBE, OER
2.6 Linear energy transfer (LET)
2.6.1 Energy dependence of LET
2.7 Relative biological effectiveness (RBE)
2.7.1 RBE as a function of LET
2.8 The oxygen effect: oxygen enhancement ratio (OER)
2.8.1 The oxygen 'fixation' hypothesis
2.8.2 Oxygen enhancement ratio (OER)
2.8.3 OER as a function of LET
2.9 References
3 Elements of radiotherapy physics
3.1 X-ray and particle generators
3.1.1 Production of radioisotopes
3.1.2 Production of X-rays
3.1.3 X-ray tube
3.1.4 Accelerators
3.2 Radiation quantities and units
3.2.1 Particle fluence
3.2.2 Energy fluence
3.2.3 Exposure
3.2.4 Exposure rate
3.2.5 Kerma
3.2.6 Absorbed dose
3.2.7 Relationship between exposure, kerma and absorbed dose
3.2.8 Electronic equilibrium
3.3 Radiation dose measurements
3.3.1 Ionisation in gases
3.3.2 Ionisation potential
3.3.3 Average energy per ion pair, W
3.3.4 Experimental values of W for gases
3.3.5 Ionisation in solids
3.3.6 Bragg-Gray cavity theory
3.3.7 Spencer-Attix cavity theory
3.4 Radiation detectors and dosimeters
3.4.1 Ionisation chamber
3.5 Determination of absorbed dose
3.5.1 Absorbed dose in free space
3.5.2 Absorbed dose in a phantom
3.5.3 Determination of absorbed dose for megavoltage X-rays
3.5.4 Absorbed dose in the neighbourhood of an interface between different materials
3.5.5 Dosimetry for electron beams
3.6 Radiotherapy dosimetry protocols
3.6.1 Calibration of low energy X-rays
3.7 Quality assurance
3.7.1 Secondary standard equipment and calibration
3.7.2 Ionisation chamber
3.7.3 Measuring assembly (electrometer)
3.7.4 Portable stability check source
3.7.5 Transfer of secondary standard calibration to field instruments
measuring the output of an X-ray machine with cross-calibrated field ionisation chambers
3.7.6 Quality assurance tests on radiotherapy treatment machines
3.8 References
4 Tumour characteristics, development and response to radiation
4.1 The induction of cancer
4.2 Normal cells versus malignant cells
4.3 Tumour growth characteristics
4.3.1 Tumour kinetic parameters
4.3.2 Tumour composition and characteristics of tumour cells
4.4 Tumour kinetic parameters
4.5 Tumour behaviour during radiotherapy
4.6 Tumour cell death
4.7 Tumour hypoxia and angiogenesis
4.7.1 Tumour hypoxia
4.7.2 Tumour angiogenesis
4.8 Tumour metastasis
4.9 References
5 Fractionation and altered fractionation in radiotherapy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The 5 R's of radiobiology
5.2.1 Repair
5.2.2 Repopulation
5.2.3 Redistribution
5.2.4 Reoxygenation
5.2.5 Radiosensitivity 111
5.3 Organ architecture: functional sub-units (FSU)
5.3.1 Volume effects
5.4 Fractionation in radiotherapy
5.5 Biologically effective doses in radiotherapy
5.6 Incomplete repair model
5.7 The LQ model at high dose per fraction regions
5.8 Altered fractionation schedules
5.8.1 Altered fractionation schedules for head & neck cancers
5.8.2 Altered fractionation schedules for prostate cancers
5.8.3 Altered fractionation schedules for breast cancer
5.9 Summary
5.10 References 124
6 Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy: technical and physics aspects of treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Three-dimensional radiation therapy
6.3 Treatment simulation
6.3.1 CT scanner
6.3.2 Virtual simulator software
6.4 Digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRR)
6.5 Dose-volume histograms
6.6 Dose calculation
6.7 Dynamic wedge
6.8 Multi leaf collimator
6.8.1 Leaf travel
6.8.2 MLC radiation transmission
6.8.3 Tongue-and-groove effects
6.8.4 Multileaf collimator dose undulation
6.8.5 MLC QA
6.9 Electronic portal imaging devices
6.10 Record and verify system
6.11 Implementation of 3D CRT
6.12 References
7 Image guided radiotherapy: radiobiology and physics aspects of treatment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Use of X-ray imaging in radiation therapy
7.2.1 Development of computed tomography
7.2.2 Cone beam computed tomography
7.2.3 Cone beam CT imaging devices
7.3 Adaptive radiation therapy
7.4 Alternative approaches to IGRT
7.4.1 Tomotherapy
7.4.2 In-room CT
7.4.3 US-guided EBRT
7.4.4 US-guided brachytherapy
7.4.5 Beacon guided radiation therapy
7.5 Four-dimensional imaging and tumour tracking
7.6 Radiobiological aspects of image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT)
7.6.1 Clinical trials/studies
7.6.2 IMRT-IGRT
7.6.4 Image guided stereotactic body radiotherapy (IG-SBRT)
7.7 The future of IGRT: biologic image-guided radiotherapy
7.8 Conclusion
7.9 References
8 Intensity modulated radiotherapy: radiobiology and physics aspects of treatment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Principles of IMRT - delivery methods
8.2.1 Step-and-shoot or segmented IMRT
8.2.2 Three-dimensional physical compensator-based IMRT
8.2.3 Dynamic or 'sliding-window' IMRT
8.3 IMRT treatment planning - dose calculation algorithms
8.3.1 Traditional IMRT optimisation
8.3.2 Direct machine parameter optimisation
8.3.3 Dose calculation algorithms
8.4 Quality assurance in IMRT
8.4.1 Patient set-up verification
8.4.2 Treatment planning system QA
8.4.3 Multileaf collimator QA
8.4.4 IMRT dose delivery QA
8.5 Volumetric IMRT - Intensity Modulated Arc Therapy (IMAT)
8.6 The radiobiology of IMRT
8.7 IMRT in clinical trials
8.7.1 Head & neck cancer
8.7.2 Brain cancer
8.7.3 Prostate cancer
References
Colour plates
9 Brachytherapy: radiobiology and physics aspects of treatment
9.1 Short history of brachytherapy
9.2 Physical and radiobiological aspects of brachytherapy
9.2.1 Classification of brachytherapy
9.2.2 Dose rate classification
9.2.3 Radioisotopes used in brachytherapy: physical and biological characteristics
9.3 Radiobiological models in brachytherapy (the LQ model)
9.4 Dose prescription and dose calculation in brachytherapy
9.4.1 Manchester system
9.4.2 Paris system
9.4.3 Present reporting
9.4.4 Intracavitary treatments
9.4.5 Interstitial treatments
9.4.6 Dose calculations
9.5 Brachytherapy for various tumour sites
9.5.1 Brachytherapy for prostate cancer
9.5.2 Brachytherapy for head & neck cancers
9.5.3 Brachytherapy for breast cancer - MammoSite
9.5.4 Brachytherapy for gynaecological malignancies
9.5.5 Ophthalmic brachytherapy (eye plaques)
9.6 Radiation protection and quality assurance
9.7 References
Appendix A1
10 Stereotactic radiosurgery: radiobiology and physics aspects of treatment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Treatment planning and dose prescription
10.3 Treatment delivery
10.3.1 Treatment delivery techniques
10.3.2 Frame-based procedures
10.3.3 Frameless procedures
10.4 Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)
10.5 Radiobiological aspects of SRS/SRT
10.5.1 The radiosensitivity of the brain
10.6 Radiosurgery of radiation-induced secondary (intracranial) tumours
10.7 References
11 Total body irradiation: radiobiology and physics aspects of treatment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Physics and technical aspects of TBI
11.3 TBI dose prescription
11.3.1 Inhomogeneity compensation in TBI
11.3.2 Set-up procedure
11.3.3 In vivo dosimetry in TBI
11.3.4 Quality assurance in TBI
11.4 Radiobiological aspects of TBI
11.4.1 The hematopoietic system
11.4.2 The spinal cord
11.4.3 The lung
11.4.4 TBI treatment
11.5 Clinical trials
11.6 References
12 Electron therapy: radiobiology and physics aspects of treatment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Production of electron beams
12.3 Electron interactions
12.4 Electron dose distribution
12.4.1 Percentage depth dose curve of an electron beam
12.4 Electron therapy treatment planning
12.4.1 Lead skin collimation
12.4.2 Internal shielding
12.4.3 Bolus
12.4.4 Electron field abutment
12.4.5 Tissue heterogeneities
12.5 Total skin electron therapy (TSET)
12.6 Intraoperative Electron Radiation Therapy (IOERT)
12.7 Electron boost radiotherapy
12.8 Modulated Electron Radiotherapy (MERT)
12.9 References
13 External beam hadron radiotherapy
13.1 Radiobiology
13.2 Medical accelerators
13.3 Beam shaping
13.4 Clinical studies of proton beam radiotherapy
13.5 Protons versus Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT)
13.5.1 Dose distributions
13.6 Heavy Ion Therapy (HIT)
13.7 Clinical studies of carbon ion radiotherapy
13.6 Conclusions
13.7 References
14 Fast neutron therapy
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Radiobiology
14.2.1 Hypoxia
14.2.2 Cell cycle effects
14.2.3 Repair of Potentially Lethal Damage (PLD)
14.2.4 RBE effects
14.3 Clinical results
14.3.1 Soft tissue sarcoma
14.3.2 Prostate cancer
14.3.3 Head & neck cancer
14.3.4 Conclusions
14.4 Neutron sources
14.5 Neutron brachytherapy
14.6 References
15 Targeted radiotherapy for cancer
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Binary therapies
15.2.1 Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
15.2.2 Photoactivation therapy (PAT)
15.2.3 Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT)
15.2.4 Gadolinium neutron capture therapy (GdNCT)
15.2.5 The avidin-biotin effect
15.3 Targeted alpha therapy (TAT)
15.3.1 Background
15.3.2 Alpha emitting radioisotopes
15.3.3 Preclinical studies
15.3.4 Clinical trial protocols
15.3.5 Clinical trials
15.3.6 Conclusions
15.4 References
16 Palliative radiotherapy
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Principles of palliative radiotherapy (PRT)
16.2.1 Bone pain and bone metastasis
16.2.2 Cerebral metastases
16.2.3 Bleeding and fungating tumour
16.2.4 Obstruction/compression symptoms
16.2.5 Control of physical symptoms
16.3 External beam radiotherapy with Cobalt-60 and 6 MV linac
16.4 Comparative costs for C0-60 and Linacs
16.4.1 Comparative radiotherapy technical costs in USA
16.5 Palliative treatment by unsealed sources of radiopharmaceuticals for bone metastases of cancer
16.5.1 Clinical practice
16.5.2 Therapeutic procedure
16.5.3 Conclusions
16.6 Multidisciplinary care and telemedicine
16.7 Consensus and recommendations
16.8 References
17 Predictive assays
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Predictive assays
17.2.1 Predictive assays for tumour response
17.2.2 Predictive assays for normal tissue response
17.3 Disease staging
17.4 Treatment assessment
17.4.1 Dose volume histograms
17.5 References
18 Elements of health physics
18.1 Radiation response and tolerance of normal tissue
18.2 Low level irradiation
18.3 Deterministic and stochastic effects of radiation
18.3.1 Deterministic effects
18.3.2 Stochastic effects
18.3.3 Detriment
18.4 Radiation hormesis
18.5 Natural background radiation
18.6 Bystander effects and adaptive responses to radiation
18.7 Bystander effects and clinical implications
18.7.1 Bystander effects and implications for head & neck cancer
18.7.2 Bystander effects and implications for prostate cancer
18.7.3 Bystander effects and implications for lung cancer
18.8 Radiation incidents and radiation accidents in medical environment
18.9 Biological dosimetry
18.10 Radioprotectors
18.11 Risk of second cancer development following radiation therapy
18.11.1 Evaluations of the second primary cancer risk
18.11.2 Estimation of second primary cancer risks using radiation dosimetric data and risk models
18.11.3 Peripheral photon and neutron doses from cancer external beam irradiation and the risk of second primary cancers
18.12 References
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Biomedical Physics in Radiotherapy for Cancer

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