The Limits of Expanding Liability

Name: The Limits of Expanding Liability | Eight Fundamental Cases in a Comparative Perspective
Brand: Kluwer Law International
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Eight Fundamental Cases in a Comparative Perspective

C. von Bar(Author)

J. Spier(Editor)

Kluwer Law International (Publisher)

Published on 1. January 1995

260 pages

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978-90-411-7029-3 (ISBN)

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Content

Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Table of Contents
General Introduction
Preliminary Observations
1. Introduction
2. The Questions Raised by the Hypotheticals
3. The Need for and the Value of Comparative Research
4. The Floodgates Argument
5. The Floodgates Argument Revisited: Insurance and Other Means to Keep Liability within Reasonable Limits
6. Challenging Traditional Solutions
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Economic Loss
6.3. Personal Injury and Damage to Property
6.4. The Limits of Causation
6.5. Prescription
6.6. Different 'Tools' to Keep Liability within Reasonable Limits
6.7. Extension of Tort Law Based on Equity
7. The Desirability of Additional Tools to Dam Crushing Liability
7.1. Ceilings
7.2. Ad hoc Control (Equitable Reduction)
7.3. Funds
7.4. Schedules, Scales and Matrices
7.5. Insurance Cover Provided by Government or Payment from Public Funds
8. Final Observations
The Tilburg Hypotheticals
Case 1, the 'Auditor - Case'
Case 2, the 'Cable - Case'
Case 3, the 'Traffic Jam - Case'
Case 4, the 'Pollution - Case'
Case 5, the 'Defro - Case'
Case 6, the 'One Legged Victim - Case'
Case 7, the 'Cancer - Case'
Case 8, the 'Playing Boys - Case'
The Tilburg Hypotheticals in General
The 'Auditor - Case'
1. Short Survey of the Solutions
2. The Problem Inherent in Compensation of Pure Economic Loss
3. Arguments for and against the Liability of the Auditors to the Investors
3.1. The Extension of Contractual Liability in Favour of the Investors
3.2. The Extensive Tortious Liability of Experts
3.3. The Restricted Liability of Experts to Third Parties
3.4. Special Barriers to Liability of the Auditors under Certain Legal Systems
3.5. Mitigation of Liability of the Auditor to Third Parties
4. Final Observations
Comparative Report on Case 2
General Discussion
1. Do we regard economic loss as occupying an inferior position in our scale of values for the purposes of tort law?
2. Does the ability of the plaintiff to protect himself (e.g. by insurance or contractual arrangements) differ from one situation to another so as to justify the distinction?
3. Deterrence/Justice
4. Expediency/Predictability
Comparative Law Report on Cases 3 and 4
Case 3
Case 4
General Discussion on Cases 3 and 4
Country Reports
Austria
ANSWERS TO THE HYPOTHETICALS UNDER AUSTRIAN LAW
1. The' Auditor - Case'
2. The 'Cable - Case'
3. The 'Traffic Jam - Case'
4. The 'Pollution - Case'
5. The 'Defro - Case'
(a) Liability Based on a Contract with Protective Purpose in Favour of Third Parties
(b) Liability Based on Tort Law
6. The 'One Legged Victim - Case'
7. The 'Cancer - Case'
8. The 'Playing Boys - Case'
Belgium
REPORT (PART I)
Preliminary remarks on Causation, Breach of Causal Relation and the Concept of Damages
(a) Causation
(b) Breach of Causal Relation
(c) Recoverable Damages
1. The' Auditor - Case'
2. The 'Cable - Case'
3. The 'Traffic Jam - Case'
4. The 'Pollution - Case'
BELGIAN REPORT (PART 2)
5. The 'Defro - Case'
6. The 'One Legged Victim - Case'
7. The 'Cancer - Case'
8. The 'Playing Boys - Case'
England
QUESTIONNAIRE, RESPONSES IN THE CONTEXT OF ENGLISH LAW
Case 1, Auditors - Negligent Financial Reporting
Case 2, Interruption of Utility Supplies
Case 3, Blockage of Highway
Case 4, Pollution of the Lake
1. The Hotel on the Beach
2. The Other Hotels, etc.
Case 5, The Frozen Food Contamination
1. The Persons Poisoned by the Frozen Food
2. Defro's Loss of Business Reputation
Case 6, Death in the Subsequent Fire
Case 7, The Industrial Disease
Case 8, Children Causing Fire
France
SOLUTIONS PROPOSÉES POUR LES DlFFERENTS CAS PRATIQUES IMAGINÉS PAR LES AUTEURS DU QUESTIONNAIRE
Cas N° 1
Cas N° 2
Cas N° 3
Cas N° 4
Cas N° 5
Cas N° 6
Cas N° 7
Cas N° 8
Germany
ANTWORTEN UNTER DEUTSCHEM RECHT
1. Wirtschaftsprüfer (auditor's liability)
2. Der Kabel - Fall
3. Der Verkehrsstau
4. Wasserverunreinigung nach Industrieunfall
5. Der Defro - Fall
6. Der Mann mit dem einen Bein
7. Der erkrankte Arbeitnehmer
8. Die zündelnden Kinder
Greece
TORT LIABILITY IN PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCES: GREECE
1. The' Auditor - Case'
2. The 'Cable - Case'
3. The 'Traffic Jam - Case'
4. The 'Pollution - Case'
5. The 'Defro - Case '
6. The 'One Legged Victim - Case'
7. The 'Cancer - Case'
8. The 'Playing Boys - Case'
Italy
ANSWERS TO THE HYPOTHETICALS UNDER ITALIAN LAW
1. The 'Auditor - Case'
(a) The Liability of the Auditors
(b) The Two Groups of Claimants
(c) The Wrongfulness of the Damage
2. The 'Cable - Case'
( a) A Theoretical Problem.
(b) A Leading Case
3. The 'Traffic Jam - Case'
(a) The Lass of a Chance
(b) The Personal Injuries
4. The 'Pollution - Case'
(a) The Normative Framework
(b) The Different Positions of the Victims.
5. The 'Defro - Case'
(a) The Normative Framework.
(b) The Most Reliable Conclusion
6. The 'One Legged Victim - Case'
(a) The Case
(b) The Normative Framework
(c) Conclusions
7. The 'Cancer Case'
(a) The Normative Framework
(b) Limitations of Actions
8. The 'Playing Boys - Case'
(a) The Normative Framework
(b) The Possible Solutions
The Netherlands
1. Auditor's Liability
(a) The Damage Suffered by the Take Over Company
(b) The Damage Suffered by the Shareholders
2. Power Supply
Building Company's Liability
3. Traffic Accident
Damage Caused by a Traffic Jam
(a) The Lost Time
(b) The Ambulance Patient
4. Spilt Oil
Damage Caused by Drop of Tourists
5. The 'Defro - Case'
6. 'The One Legged Victim - Case'
7. Labour Diseases, Caused in the Past by a Carcinogenic Liquid
8. The 'Playing Boys - Case'
Portugal
1. Auditors
2. Interruption of Power Supply
3. Blockage of the Highway
(a) Damage Arising from Time Lost by People Held up in a Traffic Jam
(b) Damage Suffered by a Patient Being Transported in an Ambulance
4. Pollution of a Lake
(a) Costs Borne by a State Body in Respect of Cleaning Operations
(b) Damage Suffered by the Proprietors of the Lakeside Hotels
(c) Damage Suffered by Others
5. Poisonous Packaging
6. Death in the Fire
7. Industrial Illness
8. Children Causing Fire
Sweden
RESPONSES: SWEDEN
Question 1
A. Enterprise
B. Shareholders
Question 2
Question 3
Question 4
A. Property Damage
B. Pure Economic Loss
Question 5
A. The Manufacturer
B. The Carrier
C. Joint and Several Liability?
Question 6
Question 7
Question 8
Switzerland
DIE TILBURG HYPOTHETICALS
1. Der Buchprüfer - Fall
2. Der Kabelbruch - Fall
3. Der Verkehrsstau - Fall
4. Der Seeverschmutzungs - Fall
5. Der Defro - Fall
6. Der Fall des einbeinigen Unfallopfers (Erst-und Zweitunfall)
7. Der Krebs - Fall
8. Der Fall der Kinder als Brandstifter
United States
A Preliminary Note on Stand-Alone Economic Loss
1. Case 1, Auditors
A. Common Law Rules
B. Statutory Regulation of Securities Industry
2. Case 2, the Power Outage without Physical Harm
3. Case 3, the Blocked Road and Traffic Jam - Case and Case 4, the on Spill - Case
A. Preliminary Matters and Tentative Conclusions
B. Legal Bases
1. Public Nuisances with Private Harm
2. Pollution Statutes
4. Case 5, the Poisonous Cooling Liquid
A. In Summary
1. Carrier's Liability
2. The Manufacturer's Liability
B. Economic Harm Claims against the Manufacturer
1. Characterization of the Case
2. Economic Harm in Products Liability Cases
3. Reputational Harm, Defamation and Interference with Business
5. Case 6, the Second Injury
A. In Summary
B. Proximate Cause in Second Injury Cases
1. General Principles
2. In Second Injury Cases
3. Application to Case 6
C. Statute of Limitations
D. Res Judicata, Settlement
E. Full Compensation
F. Conclusion
6. Case 7, Latent Industrial Disease
A. Workers' Compensation as the Exclusive Remedy
B. Where the Employer is Subject to Tort Liability
7. Case 8, Playing Boys
Index
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