
Performance of TCP/IP over ATM Networks
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 1.1 Transmission control protocol/ Internet protocol ( TCP/ IP). . . .
- 1.2 TCP/ IPnetworkingwithATMnetworks . . . . . . . . . . .
- 1.3 Significance of TCP/ IP performance . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 1.4 TCP/ IP and ATM standards bodies. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 1.4.1 IETF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 1.4.2 ITU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 1.4.3 ATMForum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 1.5 Organization of the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2 TCP and IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.2 TCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.2.1 MSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.2.2 Header format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.2.3 Retransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.2.4 Flowcontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.2.5 Congestion control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.3 IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.3.1 Unreliabledelivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.3.2 Connectionless delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.3.3 IP Header format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.3.4 Internetcontrolmessageprotocol( ICMP) . . . . . . . . .
- 2.4 QoSinIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3 ATM Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.2 WhyATMnetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.3 ATM protocol architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.4 HowdoATMnetworkswork? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.4.1 Whyarecellssoshort? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.4.2 Traffic contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.4.3 ATMserviceclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.4.4 Congestion control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.4.5 Errorchecking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.5 ATM connection types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.6 ATM adaptation layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.7 Physical layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.7.1 DS3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.7.2 TAXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.7.3 SONET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 4 TCP/ IP Over ATM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 4.2 ATM deployment in TCP/ IP networks . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 4.3 Running IP over ATM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 4.3.1 LANemulation( LANE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 4.3.2 Classical IP over ATM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 4.4 Encapsulating IP packets into ATM cells . . . . . . . . . . .
- 4.4.1 LLC/ SNAPencapsulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 4.4.2 VC- based multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 5 Performance Issues for TCP Over ATM. . . . . . . . .
- 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 5.2 ATM protocol overhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 5.3 EffectofATMcelllossonTCP/ IP. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 5.4 ATM connection setup delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 5.5 Effect of ABR rate control on TCP performance . . . . . . . .
- 5.6 Large ATM MTU and TCP deadlock. . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 5.7 TCP over high- delay®bandwidth ATM links . . . . . . . . .
- 5.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 6 Reducing ATM Cell Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 6.2 VC- based multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 6.3 TCP/ IP header compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 6.3.1 RFC 1144 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 6.3.2 How RFC 1144 reduces the ATM cell tax . . . . . . . . .
- 6.4 Overalltaxsavings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 6.5 Cellsinframes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 6.6 Practical use of cell tax reduction techniques . . . . . . . . .
- 6.6.1 VC- based multiplexing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 6.6.2 TCP/ IP header compression ( RFC 1144). . . . . . . . . .
- 6.6.3 Cellsinframes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 6.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7 Improving TCP Performance Against ATM Cell Loss . .
- 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.2 Buffering in ATM switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.2.1 Input- bufferedswitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.2.2 Output- bufferedswitches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.2.3 Shared- buffered switches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.2.4 Comparison of buffering strategies. . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.3 Packet- based discarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.3.1 Partial packet discard ( PPD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.3.2 Early packet discard ( EPD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.3.3 EPDwithfairbufferallocation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.3.4 EPD with selective drop ( SD). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.3.5 Comparison of UBR options . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.4 Feedback congestion control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.4.1 ABR- EFCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.4.2 ABR- ER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.4.3 PerformanceofABR- EFCIandABR- ER . . . . . . . . .
- 7.4.4 ABR versus UBR enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.5 Forwarderrorcorrection( FEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.5.1 Suitability of ARQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.5.2 Advantages/ disadvantages of FEC . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.5.3 Types of FEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.5.4 Erasure codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.5.5 FECinATMnetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.5.6 Effectiveness of FEC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 7.6 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8 TCP/ IP Over Switched Virtual Circuits . . . . . . . .
- 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.2 Operational cost of SVCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.3 SVC management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.3.1 Delaying the closedown ( timer- based) . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.3.2 Delaying the opening of an SVC ( threshold- based) . . . . .
- 8.4 Performance model for a timer- based SVC . . . . . . . . .
- 8.4.1 Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.4.2 Serverstates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.4.3 Delayed vacation model ( DVM) . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.4.4 Optimizingtheperformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.5 Performance model for threshold- based SVC . . . . . . . .
- 8.5.1 VCsetuprategamma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.5.2 Average queue length L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.5.3 Optimizingperformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.6 Infinite buffer and self- similar arrival . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.7 Performance evaluation of signaling . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.7.1 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 8.8 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9 End- to- End Traffic Management in IP/ ATM Internetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.2 Adaptive packet discarding at IP- ATM edge device . . . . . .
- 9.3 Explicit congestion notification ( ECN) to TCP . . . . . . . .
- 9.3.1 Modifications to IP and TCP headers . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.3.2 TCPÌs reaction to congestion notification . . . . . . . . .
- 9.3.3 SimulationofECN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.3.4 ImplementationofECN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.3.5 LimitationsofECN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.4 Backward and multilevel ECN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.5 Host gateway rate control protocol ( HGRCP) . . . . . . . .
- 9.5.1 Rate computation algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.5.2 Rate notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.5.3 Rate control at the IP layer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.5.4 Modification to IP header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.5.5 New ICMP message types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.5.6 SimulationofHGRCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.5.7 ImplementationofHGRCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.5.8 LimitationsofHGRCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.6 TCPratecontrol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.6.1 ACK- bucket control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.6.2 ACK- bucket implementation at gateway . . . . . . . . .
- 9.6.3 ACK- bucket algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.6.4 SimulationofTCPratecontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.6.5 Commercial products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.6.6 ACK- bucket limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.7 Comparison of schemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 9.8 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10 TCP Deadlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.2 Causes of deadlock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.2.1 Combination of send- and- receive socket buffers . . . . . .
- 10.2.2 Preventing small packet transmission at the sender ( NagleÌs algorithm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.2.3 NetworkMTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.2.4 Delaying acknowledgment at receiver . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.2.5 Sender action sequence on acknowledgment reception . . .
- 10.2.6 AddingdatatotheTCPsendbuffer. . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.3 TCP deadlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.3.1 Smallsendbuffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.3.2 Implementation- dependent deadlocks. . . . . . . . . .
- 10.3.3 Deadlock zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.4 RoleofMSSandMTU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.5 Impact of deadlocks on TCP throughput . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.6 Preventing TCP deadlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.6.1 Turning off the delayed ACK option . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.6.2 Turning off NagleÌs algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.6.3 Send buffer larger than receive buffer . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.6.4 Send buffer no less than 3 MSS. . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 10.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11 TCP Performance Over Satellite ATM Networks. . .
- 11.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.2 Satellite ATM networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.2.1 Recentinterests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.2.2 Networkarchitecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.2.3 Protocol stack for TCP over satellite ATM . . . . . . . .
- 11.2.4 Frequency bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.2.5 Geostationary earth orbit ( GEO) and low earth orbit ( LEO) satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.2.6 Some properties of satellite ATM networks . . . . . . . .
- 11.2.7 Standards bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.3 TCP enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.3.1 Fast retransmit and fast recovery . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.3.2 Selective acknowledgment ( SACK) . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.3.3 Large sliding window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.3.4 TCPtimestamp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.3.5 Protection against wrapped sequences ( PAWS) . . . . . .
- 11.3.6 TCP Reno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.3.7 TCP New Reno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.4 TCP Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.4.1 Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 11.4.2 Experiments with NASAÌs broadband satellite system . . .
- 11.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- About the Authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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