List of Contributors xxvi
Preface xxxv

1 Introduction: The Evolution of Functional Coatings from Protection to Innovation 1
Devyani Thapliyal, Kshitij Tewari, Sarojini Verma, Chitresh K. Bhargava, Pramita Sen, Anshi Mehra, Snehil Rana, George D. Verros, and Raj K. Arya

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Coatings in Energy Sector 5
1.3 Coatings in the Environment: Agriculture, Food and Separations 9
1.4 Other Applications of Coatings 18
1.5 Conclusions 19

Part I Coatings in Biomedical Applications 31

2 Functional Coatings: Innovation and Challenges; Coatings in Biological Systems 33
Kulsoom Koser, Shahnaz Kousar, Sajjad Haider, Salah- Ud- Din Khan, Aadil A. Bhat, and Athar A. Hashmi

2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Thermal Sprays Technologies 35
2.3 Plasma Spraying 35
2.4 Combustion Spraying 36
2.5 The Cold Spray Technology 36
2.6 Substrate Preparation 37
2.7 Characteristics of the Cold Spray Process 38
2.8 Cold- Sprayed Compounds 38
2.9 Cold Sprays Coatings with Added Functionality 38
2.10 Medical Implantable Device Coatings 39
2.11 Bioactive Coatings 40
2.12 Antimicrobial Coatings 41
2.13 Antifouling Coatings 41
2.14 Anticorrosive Coatings 43
2.15 Cold Spray Bioactive Coatings in the Future 43
2.16 Conclusion 44

3 Antimicrobial Coatings in Dental Implants: Past and Present Approaches 51
Diksha Agrawal and Anu P. Minhas

3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Past and Present Status of AMC 52
3.3 Challenges and Future of Antimicrobial- Coated Dental Implants 67
3.4 Conclusion 68

4 Superhydrophobic Coatings for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications 77
Suriyanarayanan Sudha, Sonanki Keshri, Chaithanya K. I. Naga, and Subhajith Roychowdhury

4.1 Introduction to Functional Coatings 77
4.2 Superhydrophobic Coatings 78
4.3 Emerging Applications of Superhydrophobic Materials in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical 86
4.4 Conclusions, Perspectives, and Future Directions 94
4.5 Outlook 94

5 Antimicrobial Coatings: Recent Advances and Development in Healthcare Systems 105
Arvind K. Yadav , Amook Sharma, Punit K. Khanna, Ratna Chandra, Ashutosh Tripathi, Deepak Kumar, and Manoj Kandpal

5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Antimicrobial Coating Technology (AMC Technology) 106
5.3 Antimicrobial Coatings Market Size, Share, and Industrial Analysis 110
5.4 Antimicrobial Technology in Healthcare Systems 111
5.5 Benefits of Antimicrobial Coatings in the Medical Industry 114
5.6 Challenges of Implementing Antimicrobial Coatings 115
5.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 118

6 3D Printing Coatings for Pharmaceutical Applications 123
Anil K. Adimulapu, Rajesh E. Jesudasan, Raj K. Arya, Davvedu Thathapudi, Mahesh Namballa, Kashmiri Sonowal, and Anand Matta

6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 History 123
6.3 Advantages of a 3D Printed Drug Delivery 124
6.4 Process Challenges 124
6.5 Risk Assessment during 3D Printing Process 125
6.6 Types of 3D Printing 125
6.7 Applications of 3D Printing 127

7 Advances in Pharmaceutical Coatings and Coating Materials 145
Alok Ranjan, Priyanka Adhikari, Raj Kumar Verma, Anaikutti Parthiban, Meenakshi Singh, and Ashish Kumar

7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Coating Materials 146
7.3 Different Types of Coating 148
7.4 Coating Equipment 152
7.5 Characterization Technique for the Coated Surface 154
7.6 Challenges of Coating in Pharmaceutical Application 155
7.7 Application of Process Modeling in Coating 157
7.8 Summary 159

8 Pharmaceutical Coatings 163
Bhavishya Mittal, Devyani Thapliyal, and Raj K. Arya

8.1 Introduction 163
8.2 Biopharmaceutics 164
8.3 Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Coatings and Process 168
8.4 Manufacturing Process for Applying Coatings 171
8.5 Scale- Up 178
8.6 Summary 180

Part II Coatings in Energy and Environment 183

9 Energy Storage Coatings: Classification and Its Applications 185
Devyanshu Sachdev, Pragati Sharma, Vinod Kashyap, Srinivas Tadepalli, Rahul Sharma, Chankit, Ashok K. Sharma, and Gaurav Gupta

9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 Classification of Energy Storage 186
9.3 Applications of Energy Storage Coatings 189
9.4 Summary 197

10 Energy Storage Coatings in Textiles: A Revolutionary Integration 203
Rakesh Namdeti, Nachiappan Senthilnathan, Naveen Prasad Balakrishna P. S., Uma R. Meka, and Arlene A. Joaquin

10.1 Background and Motivation 203
10.2 Objectives of the Chapter 203
10.3 Significance of Energy Storage Coatings in Textiles 204
10.4 Current Challenges and Opportunities 206
10.5 Fundamentals of Energy Storage 207
10.6 Types of Energy Storage Systems 207
10.7 Coating Technologies for Energy Storage 208
10.8 Integration Challenges and Solutions 209
10.9 Textile Substrates for Energy Storage Coatings 210
10.10 Advanced Materials for Energy Storage Coatings 214
10.11 Techniques for Applying Energy Storage Coatings 217
10.12 Applications of Energy Storage Textiles 219
10.13 Performance and Durability Assessment 221
10.14 Future Perspectives and Challenges 223
10.15 Conclusion 225

11 Green- Synthesized Nanomaterial Coatings for High- Performance Electrodes 231
D. Shruthi Keerthi, M. Mukunda Vani, and Balaji Krishnamurthy

11.1 Introduction 231
11.2 Materials and Methods 237
11.3 Results 241
11.4 Conclusion 250

12 Optical Coating Systems for High- Efficiency Solar Cells 257
Sonal S. Bagade, Manzar M. Malik, and Piyush K. Patel

12.1 Introduction 257
12.2 Methodology 258
12.3 Working Mechanism, Advancement, and Applications of Various SC Coating Technologies 262
12.4 Conclusion 283

13 Science and Engineering of Functional Coatings Materials Used in Energy Sectors 305
Diksha P. Pathak, Ajeet K. Prajapati, Siddharth Atal, Yogendra Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Akhoury S. K. Sinha, Jitendra Sangwai, Krishna D. P. Nigam, and Deepak Dwivedi

13.1 Introduction 305
13.2 Functional Coatings Materials Property 307
13.3 Biomass- Derived Functional Coating Materials 309
13.4 Types of Advanced Functional Coating Technologies for Renewable Energy Sectors 312
13.5 Functional Coatings for Solar Energy Applications 313
13.6 Functional Coatings Used in Hydrogen Energy 314
13.7 Methods to Estimate Hydrogen Embrittlement 315
13.8 The General Classification of Functional Coating Based on Materials 317
13.9 Challenges with Coatings That Are Thick and Thin or Soft and Stiff 320
13.10 Specific Challenges in Some Coating's Applications 320

14 High- Temperature Corrosion- Resistant Coatings for the Energy Sector 329
Ankita Kumari, Priyanka Sati, Sudesh Kumar, and Rajendra P. Singh

14.1 Introduction 329
14.2 Advances in HTC- Resistant Materials and Coatings 330
14.3 Materials and Coatings Corrosion Mechanisms 332
14.4 Corrosion- Resistant Substances and Coatings: Application Trends 332
14.5 Mechanisms of Decline and Coating Design 337
14.6 Conclusion 338

Part III Coatings for Industrial and Environmental Applications 343

15 Coatings in the Automobile Application 345
Ramanujam Kanchana, Muthamilselvi Ponnuchamy, Ashish Kapoor, and Paramathma Baskara Sethupathi

15.1 Introduction 345
15.2 Raw Material Used in the Automotive Coatings Industry 346
15.3 Based on Product Categories and Process of Coatings 351
15.4 Based on the Application Method of Coatings 354
15.5 Based on the Technology of Coating Types 354
15.6 Functional Coatings Types 355
15.7 Market 356
15.8 Benefits 356
15.9 Application 357
15.10 Current Trends in the Automotive Coatings 358
15.11 Automotive Key Suppliers 359
15.12 Conclusion 360

16 Coatings for Membrane Separations 363
Abhishek K. S. Saxena, Anupam B. Soni, Santhi R. Pilli, and Anandkumar Jayapal

16.1 Introduction 363
16.2 Physical Coating Techniques 365
16.3 Chemical Coating Techniques 374
16.4 Applications 381
16.5 Challenges and Outlook 387
16.6 Conclusions 388

17 Coatings for Oil-Water Separation 399
Monalisha Samanta, Pramita Sen, and Debarati Mitra

17.1 Introduction 399
17.2 What Are Coatings? 401
17.3 Application of Coatings 401
17.4 Types of Coatings 402
17.5 Fabrication Methods of Superhydrophobic and Super- Hydrophilic coatings 403
17.6 Superhydrophobic/Superoleophobic Coated Membranes Used for Oil/Water Separation 416
17.7 Limitations Associated with the Development of Superhydrophobic/Superoleophobic Surfaces and Films 423
17.8 Conclusions 424

18 Enhancing the Performance of Ultrafiltration (UF) Membranes with the Aid of Functional Coatings 429
Pramita Sen, Tanweepriya Das, Sushmit Ghosh, Arka Sanyal, Umesh Ghorai, Rohit Dutta, Devyani Thapliyal, and Raj K. Arya

18.1 Introduction 429
18.2 Types of Coating Material 431
18.3 Synthesis of Polymer- Coated Membranes 435
18.4 Fouling and Antifouling Mechanism Analysis 446
18.5 Major Applications and Performance Characteristics of Surface- Modified UF Membranes 451
18.6 Concluding Remarks 454

19 Antimicrobial Coatings for Water Purification: Applications and Future Perspectives 467
Simmi Goel and Raj K. Arya

19.1 Introduction 467
19.2 Metal and Its Oxide- Containing Nanocoatings 468
19.3 Polymers- Based Coatings Used for Water Purification 472
19.4 Ionic Liquids and Polymer Composites as Antimicrobial Agents 474
19.5 Natural Plant Extracts for Water Purification 476
19.6 Conclusion 478

Part IV Coatings in Food and Consumer Goods 485

20 Protein- Based Edible Coatings and Films for Food Packaging and Storage 487
Anupama Thakur, Avni Gupta, Preet Kanwal, Ananya Sharma, Harbaaz Singh, Gaganpreet K. Saini, and Shilpi Ahluwalia

20.1 Introduction 487
20.2 Types of Coatings 488
20.3 Protein Film Formation Methods 493
20.4 Improvement Methods for Protein Films 495
20.5 Factors Affecting Protein- Based Film 498
20.6 Applications of Protein- Based Edible Films 502
20.7 Conclusion 504

21 Antimicrobial Coatings in the Food Industry 511
V. Uma Maheshwari Nallal, A. Usha Raja Nanthini, D. Illakiam, B. Ravindran, Vinitha Ebenezer, and M. Razia

21.1 Introduction 511
21.2 Food Industry: Role, Benefits, and Risks 512
21.3 Microbial Contamination in Food Industry 514
21.4 Antimicrobial Agents and Their Mode of Action 518
21.5 Antimicrobial Coatings 518
21.6 Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Coating Agents 525
21.7 Applications of Antimicrobial Coatings in Food Industry 526
21.8 Release Kinetics of Antimicrobial Agents from Coated Surfaces 531
21.9 Recent Trends in Antimicrobial Coatings 532
21.10 Challenges and Safety Concerns 532
21.11 The Commercialization of Antimicrobial Coatings 533
21.12 Conclusion and Future Roadmap 534

22 Antimicrobial Coatings for Fruits and Vegetables 543
Sakshi Gupta, Gargi Ghoshal, and Raj K. Arya

22.1 Introduction 543
22.2 Composition of Edible Coating for Fruits and Vegetables 546
22.3 Antimicrobial Agents Suitable for Coating 550
22.4 Techniques for Making an Antimicrobial Edible Coating 556
22.5 Effect of Edible Coating on Qualities of Fruits and Vegetables 561
22.6 Future Prospect 561
22.7 Conclusion 562

23 Antioxidant Coatings Applied in the Food Industry 571
Sunita Patil, Rohidas Bhoi, Jotiram Gujar, Parimala Shivaprasad, Alisa Wikaputri, and Shambala Gadekar- Shinde

23.1 Introduction 571
23.2 Role of Antioxidant Coatings in the Food Industry 571
23.3 Classification of Antioxidants 572
23.4 Method of Extraction of Antioxidants from Natural Resources 573
23.5 Procedure for Inducing Coating on FM 574
23.6 Antioxidant Film as a Coating in Packaging 581
23.7 Challenges and Prospect 587
23.8 Conclusion 592

24 Applications of Edible Coating in the Food Industry 601
Anshi Mehra, Pooja Rajput, Devyani Thapliyal, Sarojini Verma, Snehil Rana, Chitresh K. Bhargava, Kshitij Tewari, George D. Verros, and Raj K. Arya

24.1 Introduction 601
24.2 Coating Categories 603
24.3 Ingredients in the Making of Edible Coating 604
24.4 Possible Generation Methods of Edible Coatings 611
24.5 Factors Affecting Coating Process 614
24.6 Sensory Implication on the Shelf Life of Fruit 615
24.7 Application of Edible Coating 616
24.8 Advantages of Edible Coating 618
24.9 Characterization/Analysis of Edible Coatings 619
24.10 Ordinance Detail 621
24.11 Future Trends 621

Part V Emerging Coating Innovations 629

25 Antimicrobial Coatings for Textiles Using Natural Dyes 631
Varinder Kaur, Palwinder Singh, Debapriya Chattopadhyay, Sombir Jaglan, Sachin K. Godara, Sukhdeep Kaur, Sheetal Vermani, Alvine S. Ndinchout, and Deepika Verma

25.1 Introduction 631
25.2 Applications of Natural Antimicrobial Dyes for Textiles 633
25.3 Future Scope 638

26 Superhydrophobic Coatings for Boiling Heat Transfer Applications 643
Inbaoli Arivalagan, Sujith Kumar C. Sivaraman, and Sandesh S. Chougule

26.1 Introduction 643
26.2 Wettability 645
26.3 Wettability Effects on Bubble Dynamics 646
26.4 Preparation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Pool Boiling 648
26.5 Boiling Characteristics on Superhydrophobic Surfaces 651
26.6 Summary 658
26.7 Prospects of SHB Surfaces 658

27 Electroless Nickel- Based Coatings for Corrosion Protection Applications 663
Shashikala A. R., Sridhar B. S., and Sabin Mishra

27.1 Introduction 663
27.2 Effect of Corrosion 663
27.3 Corrosion Protection 664
27.4 Electroplating and Electroless Plating 665
27.5 Electroless Plating of Nickel 668
27.6 Conclusion 671

28 Functional Coating in Electronic Applications 675
Rakesh Namdeti, Sivamani Selvaraju, Vijayanand Manickam, Saikat Banerjee, and Jayakaran Pachiyappan

28.1 Introduction 675
28.2 Principles of Functional Coatings 676
28.3 Applications of Functional Coatings 680
28.4 Future Trends and Challenges 683
28.5 Conclusion 690

References 690
Index 695