
Cell Biology: Basics to Breakthroughs
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Content
- Cover
- Title
- Copyright
- End User License Agreement
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- List of Contributors
- Foundations of Life: Cells and Origin
- Meghana A. Shakthi1, Harin N. Ganesh1, R Kirubakaran2 and K.N. Aruljothi1,*
- INTRODUCTION
- Theory of Spontaneous Generation
- Abiogenesis for the Origin of Life
- Cell and its Contents
- Cell Organelles
- Organelle Biogenesis and the Endosymbiotic Theory
- Chemical Composition of Cell
- Cytoplasmic Composition of the Cell
- Structural and Functional Aspects of the Cell
- Cell Shape and How it Impacts Function
- Cell Size Variation
- Integration of Cells into Tissues
- Extracellular Matrix and Connective Tissues
- Plant and Animal Cells
- Plant Cell
- Evolution of Photosynthesis
- Animal Cell
- Cells Under the Microscope
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCE
- Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes: Comparative Structural and Functional Insights
- Kruthika Prakash1, Sayantani Chattopadhyay1, T. Sasitharan1, Soumyadeep Maiti1, Sanjana Dhayalan1, K. Kumaran1, R. Kirubakaran2* and K.N. Aruljothi1
- INTRODUCTION TO PROKARYOTES
- Prokaryotic Diversity
- Classification of Prokaryotes
- Morphological Diversity
- Metabolic Diversity
- Ecological Diversity
- Cell Envelope
- Cytoplasm and External Structures
- Prokaryotic Genetics
- Genome Structure
- Gene Transfer Mechanisms
- Mutation and Adaptation
- Prokaryotes and Human Health
- Introduction to Eukaryotes
- Characteristics of Eukaryotes
- WHITTAKER CLASSIFICATION - A BREAKTHROUGH IN THE STUDY OF EUKARYOTE ANATOMY
- DEVELOPMENT OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
- Biotechnological Applications of Eukaryotes
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- Nucleus: the Control Centre of the Cell
- K. Kumaran1, Harin N. Ganesh1 and K.N. Aruljothi1,*
- INTRODUCTION
- History
- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- Structure of Nucleus in Eukaryotes
- Function of Nucleus in Eukaryotes
- Structure of Genetic Material in Prokaryotes
- Function of Genetic Material in Prokaryotes
- DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH NUCLEUS
- RECENT RESEARCH IN THE NUCLEUS
- Therapeutics
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: The Cellular Factory
- Shanmuga Priya1, K. Kumaran1, Sanjana Dhayalan1, Anand Krishnan2,* and K.N. Aruljothi1
- INTRODUCTION
- FUNCTIONS OF RER
- The Process of Protein Folding Associated with Molecular Chaperones
- ER as the Quality Control Center
- ER Stress
- Diabetes Type II and ER Stress in Autophagy
- Therapeutics
- ER Stress - Therapeutics and Curative Treatment for Acute Spinal Cord Injury
- Therapeutic for Ulcerative Colitis
- SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
- Evolutionary Aspects of SER
- Calcium Storage in Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The Mitochondrial-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane (MAM)
- Understanding the Role of MAM in Cardiovascular Disease
- RECENT TRENDS IN ER RESEARCH
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Golgi Apparatus: Shaping and Shipping Cellular Proteins
- S. Sahasra1, Sanjana Dhayalan1, K. Kumaran1 and K.N. Aruljothi1,*
- INTRODUCTION
- STRUCTURE OF GOLGI APPARATUS
- CIS Face
- MEDIAL Face
- TRANS Face
- FUNCTION OF THE GOLGI APPARATUS
- Protein Glycosylation
- Lipid and Polysaccharide Metabolism
- Protein Sorting and Export
- GOLGI APPARATUS DYSFUNCTION AND ASSOCIATED DISEASES
- Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Infectious Disease
- Cancer
- Genetic Mutation
- THERAPEUTICS
- Gaucher Disease (GD)
- Parkinson's Disease
- GTPase Rab1
- LRRK2 Mutations
- Rab8 and Rab10
- PLA2G6 Mutations
- a-Synuclein Aggregates
- Cancer Therapy
- Inhibitors of Peripheral Golgi-Associated Proteins - TAS-116
- Compounds Affecting GA Protein Localization-2-(Substituted Phenyl)-Benzimidazole (2-PB)
- Nanodelivery Approaches
- RECENT TRENDS
- COVID-19
- Golgi Dynamics and Regulation
- GOLGI AND DISEASE
- Golgi and Cell Signalling
- Golgi and Infectious Diseases
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Ribosomes: Engines of Protein Synthesis
- Sanjana Dhayalan1, Shalini Roy1, K. Kumaran1 and K.N. Aruljothi1,*
- INTRODUCTION
- Ribosome in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Origin and Evolution of the Ribosome
- Ribosomes Fingerprint
- STRUCTURE OF RIBOSOME
- Composition of the Ribosome
- FUNCTION OF RIBOSOME
- Ribosome Biogenesis (Ribi)
- Ribi in Eukaryotic Cells
- Ribi in Prokaryotic Cells
- Role of the Ribosome in Translation - Initiation
- Role of the ribosome in Translation - Elongation
- Role of the Ribosome in Translation - Termination
- Ribosome Recycling
- Regulation of Termination
- DYSFUNCTION AND DISEASE OF THE RIBOSOME
- RP Mutations and Cancer
- Onco-Ribosomes and Cancer Development
- DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC PROPERTY OF RIBOSOMES
- RP as Anti-microbial
- Therapeutic Targeting of Ribi and mTORC1 in Cancer
- RECENT TRENDS
- Advancements in Ribosome Profiling and Cancer
- Ribosome Profiling Reveals Non-Canonical ORF Translation in High-Risk Childhood Medulloblastoma
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Lysosomes: The Cell's Digestive System
- B. Surya1, Faizaan Khan1, Abhinav Roy1, Sanjana Dhayalan1, K. Kumaran1, Anand Krishnan2 and K.N. Aruljothi1,*
- INTRODUCTION
- Discovery of Lysosomes
- Evolution of Lysosomes
- Early Endosomes
- Recycling Endosomes
- Late Endosomes
- FUNCTION
- Autophagy (Process of Self-destruction)
- Phagocytosis [Function of Specialized Cells (macrophages, Neutrophils)]
- Lysosomal Membrane Proteins
- Lysosome Reformation
- Endocytic Lysosome Reformation (ELR)
- Autophagic Lysosome Reformation (ALR)
- Phagocytic Lysosome Reformation (PLR)
- Key Players of Membrane Fusion
- LYSOSOMAL DYSFUNCTION
- Lysosome Storage Disorders (LSD)
- Parkinson's Disease
- Muscular Dystrophy
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR LYSOSOME RESEARCH
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Vacuoles: The Storage Vaults of the Cell
- S. Sahasra1, S. Aswini1, K. Kumaran1, Sanjana Dhayalan1 and K.N. Aruljothi1,*
- INTRODUCTION
- Types of Vacuoles
- Plant Vacuoles
- Animal Vacuoles
- Fungal Vacuoles
- Differences from Plant and Animal Vacuoles
- Protist Vacuole
- Structure
- Tonoplast
- Morphological Changes
- Dynamic Structures
- Components
- Inclusion Bodies in the Vacuole
- Pigments
- Vacuoles vs. Vesicles
- Structure
- Function
- FUNCTION OF VACUOLES
- Vacuolar Membrane-collapse System
- Vacuole-plasma Membrane-fusion System
- Autophagosome-lysosome Fusion
- Formation of Autolysosomes
- DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC APPLICATION OF VACUOLES
- RECENT TRENDS
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Plasma Membrane: Gateway and Sentinel of Cellular Exchange
- S. Aswini1, K. Kumaran1, Sanjana Dhayalan1, Prakash Gangadaran2,3,4,* and K.N. Aruljothi1
- INTRODUCTION
- STRUCTURE
- Gorter and Grendel Membrane Theory (1920)
- Pauci-molecular Theory
- Fluid Mosaic Model (1972)
- Peripheral Proteins (Extrinsic Proteins)
- Integral Proteins (Intrinsic Proteins)
- Handerson and Unwin's Membrane Theory
- Evolutionary Aspects of Plasma Membrane
- FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Acting as a Physical Barrier
- Selective Permeability
- Endocytosis by the Plasma Membrane
- Exocytosis
- Facilitating Communication and Signalling among Cells
- Providing Shape to the Cytoskeleton and Maintaining Cell Potential
- Membrane Transport Mechanism
- Fick's First Law
- Osmosis
- Passive Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
- Glucose Transporter
- Potassium Channels
- Calcium-activated Potassium Channel
- Inwardly Rectifying Potassium Channel
- Tandem Pore Domain Potassium Channel
- Voltage-gated Potassium Channel
- Sodium Channel
- Aquaporin
- Active Transport
- Group Translocation
- ABNORMALITIES IN PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Hypertension
- Sphingolipids-related Disorders
- Basis for Sphingolipidoses-neuronal Vulnerability
- Neurotrophic Signalling
- Insulin Signalling
- Impacts of Sphingolipid Accumulation on the use of Cellular Energy
- DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ROLE OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
- RECENT TRENDS
- CAR-T Therapy
- Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Evolutionary Engines of the Cell
- K. Kumaran1,┼, Keerthana Ramesh1,┼, Sanjana Dhayalan1, Gargii Chatterjee1 and K.N. Aruljothi1,*
- MITOCHONDRIA
- Introduction
- Origin and Evolution of Mitochondria
- Mitochondrial Inheritance in Eukaryotes
- Structure of Mitochondria
- Function of Mitochondria
- Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Mitochondria-associated Membranes
- Mitochondrial DNA Mutations
- Role of Mitochondria in Cancer and Aging
- Recent Trends in the Biology of Mitochondria
- CHLOROPLAST
- Introduction
- Origin and Evolution of Chloroplasts
- Structure of Chloroplast
- Dynamic Thylakoid Architecture
- Structural Plasticity
- Light Intensity and Thylakoid Structure
- Light and Dark Reactions
- Recent Trends in Malfunctions in Chloroplasts
- Autophagy and Chloroplast Degradation
- Sensitivity to Thermal Stress
- Production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
- Impact on Mitochondrial Function
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Cytoskeleton: The Cell's Backbone and Highway
- Danyal Reyaz1, Sparshika Mishra1, Ranjini Sengupta1, T. Sasitharan1, S. Gnanavel2 and K.N. Aruljothi1,*
- INTRODUCTION
- Types of Cytoskeletal Fibers
- MICROFILAMENTS
- Structure
- Organisation
- Treadmilling
- Organization of Actin Filaments
- Functions
- Protrusions of the Cell Surface
- Muscle Contraction
- Contractile Assemblies of Actin and Myosin in Non-muscle Cells
- Cytokinesis
- Locomotion
- INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
- Intermediate Filaments in the Cell
- Composition
- Types of Intermediate Filaments
- TYPE I: Acidic Keratins
- TYPE II: Basic Keratins
- TYPE V: Nuclear Lamins
- Structure And Assembly of Intermediate Filaments
- Intermediate Filament: Organization And Intracellular Localization
- Intermediate Filaments and Cell Signalling
- MICROTUBULES
- Microtubules Assembly
- Role of MAPs in the Organization of Microtubules in Cells
- Microtubule Motors
- Cargo Transport by Microtubules
- Diseases Associated with Microtubules
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Signal Transduction Pathways Orchestrate Cellular Communication: A Narrative Review
- Kruthika Prakash1, Raksa Arun1, Srisri Satishkartik1, Sayantani Chattopadhyay1, Mashira Rahman1, Prakash Gangadaran2,3,4,* and K.N. Aruljothi1
- INTRODUCTION
- TYPES OF CELL SIGNALING
- Autocrine Signaling
- Paracrine Signaling
- Endocrine Signaling
- Juxtacrine Signaling
- Role of Signal Transduction in Cellular Communication
- Receptors
- Signaling Molecules
- Signal Transduction Proteins
- Effector Proteins
- CELL-CELL SIGNALING
- Modes of Cell-cell Communication
- Direct Cell-cell Contact
- Types of Signaling Molecules
- Proteins and Peptides
- Steroids
- Small Molecules
- Importance in Tissue Homeostasis
- Immune Response
- Growth Regulation
- Tissue Repair
- PATHWAYS OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
- Phases of Signal Transduction
- Reception
- Transduction
- Response
- Amplification
- Termination
- CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS
- Types of Cell Surface Receptors
- GPCRs
- RTKs
- Ligand-gated Ion Channels
- Cytokine Receptors
- Receptor-ligand Interaction
- GPCR PATHWAYS
- Mechanism of GPCR Activation
- Signaling by GPCRs
- cAMP Pathways
- IP3/DAG Pathway
- Physiological and Pathological Roles
- MAPK PATHWAYS
- Components of MAPK Pathways
- MAPK Pathways
- Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK1/2) Pathway
- JNK Signaling Pathway
- p38 MAPK Pathway
- Dysregulated MAPK Signaling in Disease
- CROSS-TALK BETWEEN GPCRS AND THE MAPK PATHWAY
- REGULATION AND TERMINATION OF SIGNALING PATHWAYS
- Feedback Mechanisms
- Role of Phosphatases and Ubiquitination
- Implications for Drug Development
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Cell Death: Mechanisms and Mysteries beyond Apoptosis
- Shambhavi Jha1, Rohan Vyas1, S. Manvi1, Vasanth Kanth T.L.1, Keerthivasu Ramasamy1, K.N. Aruljothi1 and Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran2,3,4,*
- INTRODUCTION
- The Historical Tapestry of Cell Death Research
- Exploring Diverse Cell Death Pathways
- PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
- Delving into Apoptosis
- Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways in Apoptosis: Dual Routes to Cellular Demise
- Extrinsic Pathway
- Intrinsic Pathway
- Convergence and Caspase Activation
- Cell Shrinkage
- Membrane Blebbing
- DNA Fragmentation
- Recent Advancements
- Anoikis: Cell Death due to Detachment
- Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways in Anoikis
- Integrin-Mediated Signalling Pathway
- PI3K/Akt Pathway
- MAPK/ERK Pathway
- Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) Signalling
- SRC Kinase Pathway
- Anoikis and Cancer
- Recent Advancements
- Ferroptosis: Iron-Dependent Cell Death Mechanism
- Iron Metabolism and Iron Regulatory Proteins
- Lipid Metabolism and Lipid Peroxidation
- Glutathione and Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4)
- Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) Pathway
- Ferroptosis Regulators
- Recent Advancements
- Parthanatos: Death by PARP-1 Overactivation
- PARP Activation
- Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) Polymer Synthesis
- AIF Translocation and Nuclear Events
- Involvement of Other Proteins
- Mitochondrial Dysfunction
- Interactions with Apoptotic Pathways
- Recent Advancements
- NETosis: The Unique Cell Death Pathway
- Mechanism of NETosis
- ADCC: The Immune Response Cell Death
- NON-PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
- Necrosis and its Implications for Cell Death
- Coagulative Necrosis
- Preservation of Tissue Structure
- Denaturation of Proteins
- Nuclear Changes
- Liquefactive Necrosis
- Liquid Formation
- Inflammatory Response
- Caseous Necrosis
- Cheese-Like Appearance
- Loss of Tissue Structure
- Distinct Granulomas
- Tissue Discoloration
- MECHANISMS OF NECROSIS
- [Recent Advancements]
- Recent Advancements
- Exploring mPTP-Mediated Necrosis
- CELL DEATH: KEY FINDINGS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Stem Cells: Breakthroughs in Medicine and Therapeutics
- Vanshikaa Karthikeyan1, Janani Balaji1, SriSri SatishKartik1, Dannie Macrin2,* and K.N. Aruljothi1
- INTRODUCTION
- STEM CELL FUNCTIONS
- TYPES OF STEM CELLS
- Stem Cells Based on Differentiation Potential
- Totipotent/Omnipotent Stem Cells
- Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Multipotent Stem Cells
- Oligopotent Stem Cells
- Unipotent Stem Cells
- Stem Cells Based on Origin
- Embryonic Stem Cells
- Adult Stem Cells
- Tissue-Resident Stem Cells
- Induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Perinatal Stem Cells
- STEM CELL NICHE
- Types of Niche
- Simple Niches
- Complex Niches
- Storage Niches
- EVOLUTION OF STEM CELLS
- SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT AND ANIMAL STEM CELLS
- Similarities
- Differences
- INTRODUCTION TO STEM CELL THERAPEUTICS
- Types of Stem Cells used in Therapeutics
- Embryonic Stem Cells
- Adult Stem Cells
- STEPS IN STEM CELL THERAPY
- Determination of Stem Cell Source
- Specification of Cell Dosage
- Administrative Methods
- Stem Cell Manipulation for Effective Treatment
- MAJOR BREAKTHROUGH IN STEM CELL THERAPY
- MAJOR TYPES OF STEM CELL THERAPY
- Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
- Implementation of Stem Cell Therapy in Cancer Treatment
- Risks Associated with Stem Cell Therapy
- RESEARCH PROSPECTS OF STEM CELL THERAPY
- PLANT STEM CELLS
- Plant Tissue Culture
- Steps in Plant Tissue Culture
- Pre-propagation
- In vitro Cultivation
- Culturing of Explants
- Micropropagation
- Hardening
- Challenges in Plant Tissue Culture
- INTRODUCTION TO EPIGENETICS IN STEM CELLS
- KEY EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN STEM CELLS
- DNA Methylation
- Histone Modification
- Chromatin Remodeling
- EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS (HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE)
- EPIGENETIC CELL REPROGRAMMING IN IPSCS
- Ectopic Expression of Transcription Factors
- CRISPR-Cas9-Based Genome Editing for Reprogramming
- EPIGENETIC THERAPY TARGETING BONE MARROW STEM CELLS
- RECENT TRENDS
- Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Therapeutic Potential of Dental Stem Cells
- Cytokines Regulate the Fates of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Bioengineered Scaffolds to Deliver Stem Cells for Wound Healing
- ASSESSING THE RISKS AND FUTURE POTENTIAL IN STEM CELL REPROGRAMMING
- CONCLUSION
- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Cancer Stem Cells: Catalysts of Cancer Progression
- Vedika Kartha1, Saloni Semwal1, Lakshmi Sai Varshini Yedavalli1, Disha Kamath1, S. Pooja1, Dannie Macrin2, Satish Ramalingam1,* and K.N. Aruljothi1
- INTRODUCTION TO CANCER STEM CELLS
- History and Evolution of Cancer Stem Cells
- Current Concerns and Challenges
- CHARACTERISTICS OF CANCER STEM CELLS
- Interaction between Immune and Cancer Stem Cells
- Intrinsic Features of Cancer Stem Cells
- BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CANCER STEM CELLS
- Marker Expression
- CD44
- CD133
- ALDH (Aldehyde Dehydrogenase)
- Microenvironment
- Extracellular Matrix
- Immune Cell
- Signaling Molecules
- TYPES OF CELLS SIGNALLING PATHWAYS RESPONSIBLE FOR CANCER STEM CELLS
- Notch Pathway
- Hedgehog Pathway
- CANCER HETEROGENEITY
- THE ROLE OF CANCER STEM CELLS IN TUMOR DEVELOPMENT AND METASTASIS
- Mechanisms through which Cancer Stem Cells Mediate Tumor Progression and Metastasis
- Cancer Stem Cells and Metastasis
- Interaction with the Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
- Cancer Stem Cells and Angiogenesis in Tumor Progression
- Cancer Stem Cells in Metastatic Niche Formation
- Therapeutic Implications of Targeting Cancer Stem Cells in Metastasis
- METHODS OF CANCER STEM CELL IDENTIFICATION AND ISOLATION
- Isolation using Cell Surface Markers
- Limitations
- Side Population (SP) Assay
- Limitations
- Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) Assay
- Limitations
- Spheroid Formation Assay
- Limitations
- Combination Approaches
- MECHANISM OF DRUG RESISTANCE AND METASTASIS
- ATP-binding Cassette Transporter (ABC Transporter)
- Apoptosis Avoidance
- Numb Protein
- STRATEGIES TO TARGET CANCER STEM CELLS
- Target Cancer Stem Cells Markers
- Target miRNA/LncRNA to Cancer Stem Cells
- Cancer Stem Cells and Resistance to Therapies
- Superior DNA Repair
- Quiescence
- CANCER STEM CELLS IN DIFFERENT CANCERS
- Cancer Stem Cells in Breast Cancer
- New Approaches to Treatment
- Cancer Stem Cells in Skin Cancer
- Importance of Cancer Stem Cells in Skin Cancer
- Methods for Identifying and Investigating Cancer Stem Cells
- Novel Strategies for the Management of Cancer Stem Cells
- Continuing and Preventive Care
- Cancer Stem Cells in Novel Therapies
- Cancer Stem Cells Play an Important Role in Colorectal Cancer
- Methods for Identification and Study of Cancer Stem Cells
- Novel Therapies Targeting Cancer Stem Cells
- Current Preventive Treatment
- Cancer Stem Cells in Cervical Cancer
- Introduction and Importance
- Characteristics of Cancer Stem Cells in Cervical Cancer
- Mechanisms of Resistance to Therapy
- Current Therapeutic Methods and Strategies
- Targeted Mechanisms against Cancer Stem Cells
- Targeting the Molecular Signaling Pathways
- Targeting Cancer Stem Cell Markers
- Targeting the Cancer Stem Cell Niche And The Quiescent State
- Manipulation of miRNA Expression
- Induction of Cancer Stem Cell Apoptosis
- Induction of Cancer Stem Cell Differentiation
- Cancer Stem Cells Targeting Therapy
- Therapeutic Implications of Cancer Stem Cells in Cancer Therapy
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- REFERENCES
- Subject Index
- Back Cover
List of Contributors
Abhinav Roy Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Krishnan Anand Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
B. Surya Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Danyal Reyaz Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Dannie Macrin Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
Disha Kamath Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Faizaan Khan Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Gargii Chatterjee Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Harin N. Ganesh Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Janani Balaji Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
K.N. Aruljothi Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Kruthika Prakash Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
K. Kumaran Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Keerthana Ramesh Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Keerthivasu Ramasamy Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Lakshmi Sai Varshini Yedavalli Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Meghana A. Shakthi Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Mashira Rahman Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Prakash Gangadaran Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
R. Kirubakaran Department of Biotechnology, Vinayaka Mission's Kirupananda Variyar Engineering College, Vinayaka Mission's Research Foundation-DU, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
Ranjini Sengupta Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Raksa Arun Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Rohan Vyas Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
Sayantani Chattopadhyay Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Soumyadeep Maiti Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Sanjana Dhayalan Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Shanmuga Priya Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
S. Sahasra Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
S. Aswini Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Shalini Roy Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Sparshika Mishra Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
S. Gnanavel Department of Biomedical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Srisri Satishkartik Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Sayantani Chattopadhyay Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Shambhavi Jha Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
S. Manvi Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
SriSri SatishKartik Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
Saloni Semwal Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
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File format: ePUB
Copy protection: Adobe-DRM (Digital Rights Management)
System requirements:
- Computer (Windows; MacOS X; Linux): Install the free reader Adobe Digital Editions prior to download (see eBook Help).
- Tablet/smartphone (Android; iOS): Install the free app Adobe Digital Editions or the app PocketBook before downloading (see eBook Help).
- E-reader: Bookeen, Kobo, Pocketbook, Sony, Tolino and many more (not Kindle).
The file format ePub works well for novels and non-fiction books – i.e., „flowing” text without complex layout. On an e-reader or smartphone, line and page breaks automatically adjust to fit the small displays.
This eBook uses Adobe-DRM, a „hard” copy protection. If the necessary requirements are not met, unfortunately you will not be able to open the eBook. You will therefore need to prepare your reading hardware before downloading.
Please note: We strongly recommend that you authorise using your personal Adobe ID after installation of any reading software.
For more information, see our ebook Help page.
File format: ePUB
Copy protection: without DRM (Digital Rights Management)
System requirements:
- Computer (Windows; MacOS X; Linux): Use a reader that can handle the file format ePUB, such as Adobe Digital Editions or FBReader – both free (see eBook Help).
- Tablet/Smartphone (Android; iOS): Install the free app Adobe Digital Editions or the app PocketBook (see eBook Help).
- E-reader: Bookeen, Kobo, Pocketbook, Sony, Tolino and many more (not Kindle).
The file format ePUB works well for novels and non-fiction books – i.e., 'flowing' text without complex layout. On an e-reader or smartphone, line and page breaks automatically adjust to fit the small displays.
This eBook does not use copy protection or Digital Rights Management
For more information, see our eBook Help page.