Biorefineries

Name: Biorefineries | An Introduction
Brand: De Gruyter
Price: 69.95 EUR
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An Introduction

Michele Aresta Angela Dibenedetto Franck Dumeignil(Editor)

De Gruyter (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 31. August 2015

XX, 348 pages

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978-3-11-033158-5 (ISBN)

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Biorefineries compiles the basic science and technologies used to convert terrestrial and aquatic biomass into essential molecular compounds and polymeric materials. The book provides in depth insights into this fairly recent concept of industrial chemistry that aims to achieve optimal economic profits while minimizing the environmental impact. Chapters written by renowned experts cover, amongst others, the application of catalysis, downstream processing, biomass sourced olefins, lignin biorefinery techniques and biogas.The authors thoroughly examine and explain the value chain for biomass conversion into platform molecules and their transformation into final products. A comprehensive thematic overview on the topic giving beginners access to fundamental concepts is presented. Supplemented by numerous full color figures and tables, the contents impart knowledge about the involved techniques. Advanced students and experts in the field will find the summary of state-of-the-art research and current literature of valuable interest. Explores the enormous potential of biomass conversion as a future source for fuels and chemicals Focuses on both general scientific background and current innovations in the field of biorefinery Targets students and researchers in Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology, and Materials Science About the Editors Prof. Michele Aresta, Chair of the Scientific Committee of CIRCC in Italy and holds the IMM Chair at the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at NUS, Singapore. He is author of over 200 papers and Author or Editor of nine books. Prof. Angela Dibenedetto, Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry of the University of Bari (Italy) focused on carbon dioxide utilization by applying biorefinery concepts; and Director of the Interuniversity Consortium on Chemical Reactivity and Catalysis-CIRCC. Prof. Franck Dumeignil, Deputy Director of the CNRS joint Unit of Catalysis and Chemistry of Solid (UCCS) of Lille University (France); project coordinator of several projects on chemistry, including the EuroBioRef Project for designing next generation biorefineries.

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Content

Intro
Preface
Contributing authors
Abbreviations
Introduction to Biorefinery
1 Catalysis, growth, and society
2 Terrestrial biomass production
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Land availability
2.1.2 The crops
2.1.2.1 The oil crops
2.1.2.2 The lignocellulosic crops
2.2 Land suitability
2.2.1 Oil crops
2.2.1.1 Data sets
2.2.1.2 Determination of selection criteria
2.2.2 Lignocellulosic crops
2.3 Crop setting up
2.3.1 Oil crops
2.3.1.1 Soil preparation
2.3.1.2 Sowing
2.3.1.3 Irrigation
2.3.1.4 Fertilization
2.3.1.5 Weeding
2.3.1.6 Crop rotations
2.3.2 Lignocellulosic crops
2.3.2.1 Soil type requirement
2.3.2.2 Soil preparation
2.3.2.3 Planting
2.3.2.4 Irrigation
2.3.2.5 Fertilization
2.3.2.6 Weeding
2.4 Yields
2.4.1 Oil crops
2.4.1.1 Experimental design
2.4.1.2 Results
2.4.2 Lignocellulosics
2.4.2.1 Giant reed
2.5 Crop harvesting
2.5.1 Oil crops
2.5.1.1 Castor
2.5.1.2 Crambe
2.5.1.3 Safflower
2.5.2 Giant reed
2.6 Fuel characterization
Bibliography
3 Production and uses of aquatic biomass
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Classification of aquatic biomass
3.2.1 Macroalgae
3.2.2 Microalgae
3.2.3 Plants
3.3 Cultivation of aquatic biomass
3.3.1 Macroalgae
3.3.2 Microalgae
3.4 Harvesting of aquatic biomass
3.4.1 Macroalgae
3.4.2 Microalgae
3.5 Composition of aquatic biomass
3.5.1 Bio-oil content of aquatic biomass
3.5.2 The quality of bio-oil
3.6 Technologies for algal oil and chemicals extraction
3.6.1 Fractionation of algal biomass
3.6.2 Extraction using chemico-physical methods
3.6.3 Conventional solvent extraction
3.6.4 Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)
3.6.5 Biological extraction
3.7 Conclusions
Bibliography
4 Introduction to bioconversion and downstream processing: principles and process examples
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Principles of bioconversion process
4.3 Examples of bioconversion processes
4.3.1 Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol from glycerol
4.3.2 Bioproduction of n-butanol
4.4 Downstream processing
4.4.1 General scheme of downstream processing of fermentation broth
4.4.2 Downstream processing methods for 1,3-PDO and n-butanol
4.4.2.1 Evaporation and distillation
4.4.2.2 Gas stripping
4.4.2.3 Extraction methods
4.4.2.4 Pervaporation/Membrane separation
4.4.2.5 Adsorption and Chromatography
4.5 Concluding remarks
Bibliography
5 Microbial strain selection and development for the production of second-generation bioethanol
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis
5.2.1 Identification and development of biocatalysts for cellulose and hemicellulose hydrolysis
5.3 Fermentation inhibitors in lignocellulosic hydrolyzate
5.3.1 Weak acids
5.3.2 Furan derivatives: furfural and HMF
5.3.3 Phenolic compounds
5.3.4 Other inhibitors
5.3.5 Detoxification
5.3.5.1 Physical and chemical detoxification methods
5.3.5.2 Biological detoxification methods
5.3.6 Development of biocatalysts with enhanced resistance to fermentation inhibitors
5.4 Fermentation
5.4.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF)
5.4.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
5.4.3 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
5.4.4 Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP)
5.4.5 High-gravity fermentation
5.5 Microbial biocatalysts
5.5.1 Escherichia coli
5.5.2 Zymomonas mobilis
5.5.3 Other bacteria
5.5.4 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
5.5.4.1 Expression of the fungal xylose utilization pathway
5.5.4.2 Expression of the bacterial xylose utilization pathway
5.5.4.3 Expression of the arabinose utilization pathway
5.5.5 Other yeasts
5.6 Strain development for CBP
Bibliography
6 Biomass-derived molecules conversion to chemicals using heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Lignocellulosic biomass
6.2.1 Natural polymers processing
6.2.1.1 Glucidic polymers
6.2.1.2 Lignin
6.2.2 C1-C6 molecules
6.2.2.1 C1 starting materials: biogas and syngas
6.2.2.2 C2 molecule - ethanol
6.2.2.3 C3 molecules - glycerol and lactic acid
6.2.2.4 C4 molecules - succinic acid, 1,4-butanediol, ?-butyrolactone, butanol, iso-butanol, and olefins
6.2.2.5 C5 molecules - xylose, furfural, levulinic acid, and isoprene
6.2.2.6 C6 molecules - 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, and sorbitol
6.3 Oleaginous biomass
6.3.1 Separation and primary products
6.3.1.1 Triglycerides
6.3.1.2 Fatty acids and esters
6.4 Conclusion
Bibliography
7 Bio-sourced polyolefins
7.1 Introduction: why renewable polymers?
7.2 Bioderived conventional polyolefins: the drop-in synthesis of olefins
7.3 New polyolefins from bioderived monomers
7.4 Outlook and perspective
Bibliography
8 Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass-derived intermediates to hydrocarbon fuels
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Upgrading of bio-oil from biomass pyrolysis
8.2.1 Upgrading of bio-oil to hydrocarbons by hydrodeoxygenation
8.2.2 Upgrading of bio-oil via C-C coupling reactions
8.2.3 Upgrading of bio-oil to hydrocarbons by fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)
8.3 Sugars to hydrocarbon fuels
8.4 Upgrading of butanol to fuels
8.5 Challenges - outlook
Bibliography
9 Use of bio-sourced syngas
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Uses of syngas
9.2.1 Syngas as a fuel
9.2.2 Syngas as a chemical feedstock
9.2.2.1 Hydrogen production and uses
9.2.2.2 Ammonia production and uses
9.2.2.3 Urea production and use
9.2.2.4 Methanol production and uses
9.2.2.5 Oxo chemicals production and uses
9.2.3 Transportation fuels from syngas: the Fischer-Tropsch process
9.2.3.1 Fischer-Tropsch to fuels: biomass-to-liquids processes
9.2.3.2 Fischer-Tropsch to olefins
9.2.3.3 Feeding Fischer-Tropsch reactions with CO2
9.3 Syngas fermentation
9.4 Perspectives
Bibliography
10 Oil chemistry: chemicals, polymers, and fuels
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Industrial applications of oil chemistry
10.3 EuroBioRef case studies
10.3.1 General description of the value chains
10.3.2 Oil production
10.3.3 Competition analysis
10.3.4 Technology analysis
10.3.4.1 IPscore analysis
10.3.4.2 Risk and SWOT analysis
10.3.4.3 Life cycle assessment (LCA)
10.3.4.4 Technology Readiness Level (TRL) assessment - actual demonstration status
10.3.5 Costs analysis
10.3.5.1 Capital expenditure (CAPEX) evaluation
10.3.5.2 Production costs evaluation
10.3.5.3 Job creation
10.3.5.4 Business model
10.3.5.5 Co-location in existing assets
10.4 Conclusions
Bibliography
11 Lignin biorefinery: structure, pretreatment and use
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Origin and characteristics of lignin
11.2.1 Lignin occurrence and location
11.2.2 Lignin structure
11.3 Potential sources of biorefinery lignin
11.3.1 Lignin pretreatment
11.3.2 Kraft lignin process
11.3.3 The sulfite pulping process
11.3.4 Organosolv lignin
11.3.5 Pyrolysis process
11.3.6 Steam explosion lignin
11.3.7 Other processes
11.4 The use of lignin in current and future biorefinery schemes
11.4.1 Power - green fuels - syngas
11.4.2 Macromolecules
11.4.3 Aromatics and chemicals
11.4.4 Applications in nanomaterials
11.4.4.1 Capsules
11.4.4.2 Nanoparticles
11.4.4.3 Microporous and nanoporous materials
11.5 Conclusions and perspectives
Bibliography
12 Utilization of existing assets
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Why utilizing existing plants to implement bio-based technology?
12.1.2 Kinds of integration scenarios
12.2 Case study 1: maleic anhydride production in a phthalic anhydride plant
12.2.1 General
12.2.2 Technological aspects of the retrofit
12.2.3 Economic evaluation
12.2.4 Demonstration status
12.2.5 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis
12.2.6 Value creation
12.2.7 Concluding remarks
12.3 Case study 2: 1,1-dibutoxyethane production added to an n-butanol plant in Europe
12.3.1 General
12.3.2 Technological aspects
12.3.3 Demonstration status
12.3.4 Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis
12.3.5 Value creation
12.3.6 Concluding remarks
12.4 Perspective view
Bibliography
13 Biogas from wet biomass: basic science and applications
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 The "aerobic" and "anaerobic" processes for wet WB
13.2 Structure of raw materials used for biogas production
13.2.1 Cellulose
13.2.2 Hemicellulose
13.2.3 Lignin
13.2.4 Pectin
13.2.5 Starch
13.2.6 Lipids
13.2.7 Proteins
13.3 The phases of biogas production
13.3.1 Anaerobic digestion: a nature-based biotechnology
13.3.2 Hydrolytic bacteria and acidogenesis
13.3.2.1 Transitional bacteria
13.3.2.2 Acetogenesis
13.3.2.3 Bacterial flora composition
13.4 Role of hydrogenases
13.4.1 [FeFe]H2-ase
13.4.2 [FeS]H2-ase
13.4.3 [NiFe]H2-ase and [Fe-Ni-Se]-ase
13.4.4 Molybdenum-iron-containing N2-ase
13.5 Methanogenic bacteria
13.5.1 Methanogenesis
13.5.2 The laboratory equipment for biogas production and system investigation
13.6 Industrial reactors
13.6.1 Types of reactors and configuration of biogas plants
13.6.1.1 Solid content
13.6.1.2 Temperature
13.6.1.3 Liquid and solid retention time
13.6.1.4 Continuity of the process
13.6.2 Biogas from wastewaters
Bibliography
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