Paradoxes of Segregation
Description
* Focuses on eight Southern European cities, develops new metaphors and furthers the theorisation/conceptualisation of segregation in Europe
* Re-centres the segregation debate on the causes of marginalisation and inequality, and the role of the state in these processes
* A pioneering analysis of which and how systemic mechanisms, contextual conditions, processes and changes drive patterns of ethnic segregation and forms of socio-ethnic differentiation
* Develops an innovative inter-disciplinary approach which explores ethnic patterns in relation to European welfare regimes, housing systems, immigration waves, and labour systems
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Sonia Arbaci is Associate Professor at the Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, UK. Her research draws on European comparative studies and focuses on ethnic residential segregation and the role of welfare/housing systems and urban policies in the production of urban inequality. She has published extensively in journals including International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Housing Studies, International Journal of Housing Policy, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, and European Urban and Regional Studies.
Content
List of Figures viii
Series Editors' Preface xiii
Preface xiv
1 Introduction 1
Paradoxes of Segregation? 2
Recentring the Debate on the Production of Urban Inequality 5
The Value of the (European) Periphery 12
Structure of the Book 13
Notes 18
2 Theorising Segregation from Europe 21
Reconceptualising Segregation: Societal Transformations and the Transatlantic Debate 24
Southern Europe ... a View from the Periphery 47
Framework for the Book 54
Notes 60
3 Welfare Regimes and National Housing Systems in Europe 63
Welfare Clusters and Segregation 65
Linking Welfare Regimes and Housing Systems: Principles of Stratification and Mechanisms of Differentiation 70
How Mechanisms of Differentiation Inform the Social and Spatial Dimensions of Segregation: Land Supply, Tenure and Provision 81
Conclusion 90
Notes 92
4 International Migration Turnaround 95
Models, Frameworks and Theories in Migration Studies: Towards a Social Transformation Perspective 97
The (Southern) European Migration Turnaround 100
Mapping Flows and Waves: A Divergence Perspective on Southern Europe 109
Conclusion 123
Notes 124
5 Societal and Urban Contexts in (Southern) Europe 127
Patterns of Segregation: A Southern European Model? 131
Mechanisms of Differentiation: Urban Segregation in the Wider Societal Context 136
Mechanisms of Ethnic Residential Marginalisation: From Systemic Arrangements to Local Urban Political Agendas 141
Conclusion 147
Notes 149
6 A Mosaic of Ethnic Segregation Patterns: Southern European Cities in the 1990s 151
Mapping Ethnic Segregation 152
Socio-Spatial Distribution of the Native Population: A Contextual Legacy 172
Contrasting Ethnic and Social Residential Patterns 186
Conclusion 193
Note 194
7 Mechanisms of Differentiation: The Role of Local Housing Systems up to the 1990s 195
Housing Tenure Perspectives to Understand Inequalities 196
Mechanisms of Socio-Tenurial and Socio-Spatial Differentiation 200
Conclusion 221
Notes 224
8 Changing Urban Societies: New Mechanisms of Differentiation from the 1990s 225
Changing Housing Systems: Path-Dependency and Systemic Shifts 227
Growing Homeowning Cities: New Mechanisms of Differentiation, Residential Marginalisation and Diffuse Segregation 243
Conclusion 258
Notes 260
9 The Urban Diaspora: The Paradox of (De)Segregation 262
Widening Ethnic Residential Marginalisation and Socio-Tenurial Differentiation 263
Diffusing Ethnic Segregation: An Indicator of Exclusion 278
Conclusion 298
10 Towards a Systemic Understanding of (Ethnic) Residential Segregation 300
Redistribution, Distinctiveness ... and Housing Systems 301
Looking Ahead: Emerging Processes and Challenges 309
It's the State, Stupid 312
References 315
Index 354
List of Figures
2.1 Historic evolution of theoretical approaches on ethnic segregation and spatial concentration, 1920s-2010s. 2.2 White's meso-level contextual structural model (1999). 2.3 Polanyi's modes of socio-economic integration (1944). 2.4 Multi-level contextual structural model: a conceptual and operational framework. 3.1 Indices of segregation (IS) and major areas of concentration for selected ethnic groups in selected European cities, 1990-1995. 3.2 Housing tenures and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, welfare clusters and Western European countries, 1994. 3.3 Housing tenures in selected Western European cities, 1990s. 3.4 Market-state mixes in housing provision: production and promotion forms in Western European countries in the 1980s (unscaled diagram). 3.5 Housing provision, land supply and housing tenures: welfare clusters and Western European countries, 1985-1995. 3.6 Housing tenures, provision forms (production and promotion) and degrees of socio-spatial segregation in four welfare clusters until the mid-1990s. 3.7 Welfare and housing systems: reinterpreting patterns of ethnic spatial segregation in selected European cities and for selected immigrant groups, 1990-1995. 4.1 Conditions and preconditions of immigration in Southern European countries, 1950-2005. 4.2 Historic evolution of waves and flows of immigration, by selected foreign population (continent and country of origin) and regularisation programs: Spain, 1965-2010. 4.3 Historic evolution of waves and flows of immigration, by selected foreign population (continent and country of origin) and regularisation programs: Italy, 1965-2010. 4.4 Historic evolution of waves and flows of immigration, by selected foreign population (continent and country of origin) and regularisation programs: Portugal, 1965-2009. 4.5 Historic evolution of waves and flows of immigration, by selected foreign population (continent and country of origin) and regularisation programs: Greece, 1965-2001. 4.6 Regularisation programmes, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Greece, 1985-2007. 5.1 Geographic distribution (LQs) and degree of segregation (IS) of selected ethnic groups by country of origin in selected European cities, 1990-1996. 5.2 Housing distribution across the social spectra (income quartile): owner occupation (c.f.) and owner-occupied single-family house (c.f.) in Southern European countries and compared to Northern Europe (EU-11), 1996. 5.3 Residential patterns of 'non-Western' foreign groups in Southern European cities: an overview. 6.1 Indices of segregation (IS) of selected foreign groups in selected Southern European cities, 1991-2002. 6.2 Geographic distribution of selected foreign groups, by country of origin (LQs), in Barcelona, 1996. 6.3 Geographic distribution of selected foreign groups, by country of origin (LQs), in Milan, 1996. 6.4 Geographic distribution of selected foreign groups, by country of origin (LQs) in Lisbon MA and Madrid MA, 1996. 6.5 Geographic distribution of selected foreign groups, by country of origin (LQs) in Rome MA, 1996. 6.6 Geographic distribution of selected foreign groups, by country of origin (LQs) in Turin, 2002, and Genoa, 1996. 6.7 Geographic distribution of selected foreign groups, by country of origin in the municipality of Athens, 1996-1998. 6.8 Residential distribution of population, by occupational categories (LQs and IS), in Barcelona, Genoa, Milan and Turin, 1991. 6.9 Residential distribution of population, by occupational or industrial categories, in Lisbon MA (%, 2001), Madrid MA (%, 1996) and Rome MA (LQs, 1991). 6.10 Residential distribution of population, by occupational and residential categories (%), in Lisbon MA, 1991. 6.11 Residential distribution of population, by occupational categories (%), in Madrid MA, 1996. 6.12 Residential distribution of population, by occupational categories (%), in Athens MA, 1991. 6.13 Examples of socio-ethnic urban correlation: comparing native and foreign groups' residential distribution (LQs and IS), according to income or educational levels, in a port and continental city, mid-1990s. 6.14 Examples of mechanisms of socio-ethnic differentiation: comparing native and foreign groups' residential distribution (LQs), mid-1990s. 6.15 Examples of forms of socio-ethnic differentiation: comparing native and foreign groups' residential distribution (IS and LQs), mid-1990s. 7.1 Population and housing tenures in selected Southern European cities, 1981-2001. 7.2 Housing tenures in selected Southern European cities: annual growth rate (AGR, 1981-2001) and geographic distribution (1991). 7.3 Examples of socio-ethnic differentiation in working-class first peripheral belt: highest concentration of owner-occupation (%) and scattered distribution low-income ethnic groups (LQs). 7.4 The 'belt effect': geographic distribution of Non-Western foreign groups in the first peripheral ring in Athens (%, 2005) and Lisbon (LQs, 2001). 8.1 Housing tenure changes (1981-2001) in selected Southern European cities and dynamics associated with the expansion of owner-occupation (Part 1). 8.2 Housing and socio-urban changes (1981-2001) in Southern European cities: new forms of socio-tenurial marginalisation (Part 2). 8.3 Owner-occupation and rental sector: geographic distribution (%), nominal housing price (? / m2) and annual growth rate (%) in Madrid MA (1999-2001) and Barcelona (1997-2001). 8.4 Owner-occupation and rental sector: geographic distribution (%), nominal housing price (? / m2) and annual growth rate (%) in Rome MA (2000-2003) and Milan (2000-2003). 8.5 Owner-occupation and rental sector: geographic distribution (%), nominal housing price (? / m2) and annual growth rate (%), Turin (2000-2003), Genoa (2000-2003) and Lisbon (1996-1999). 8.6 Housing rent outlay (% of annual income), by geographic location (a) and by housing typologies (b), in Rome, Milan, Turin, Genoa and Barcelona, 2003. 8.7 Average housing rents compared: variation in monthly rents (? / p.m.) and in housing rent outlay (% of average income), in Milan, Rome MA, Turin, Genoa and Barcelona, 1998-2004. 8.8 Immigrant households and average housing rents: monthly rents (1999, ? / p.m.) and housing rent outlay (1998-2004, % of average income), in Milan, Rome MA, Turin and Genoa, 1998-2004. 8.9 Average monthly rent (? / p.m.) by geographic location in selected Italian cities, 2004. 9.1 Housing insertion of non-Western groups, by year of arrival, in Lombardy (and Milan), 1989-2001: according to housing tenures (owner-occupation and rental sector) and types of accommodation (independent and precarious). 9.2 Immigrants' housing insertion in Lombardy in 2003, by gender: immigrants' average monthly income in each type of accommodation. 9.3 Immigrants' housing insertion: Milan, by housing tenures (%) and types of accommodation (%),...
