Principles of Ocean Physics

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter One Physical Oceanography: An Overview 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Evolution of Modern Physical Oceanography BibliographyChapter Two Forcing Functions and Responses 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Forcing Functions On and In the Sea 2.3 Gravitational and Rotational Forces 2.4 Radiative, Thermodynamic, and Related Forces 2.5 Zonal and Meridional Variations 2.6 Wind Stress 2.7 The General Circulation of the Ocean 2.8 The Wind-Driven Oceanic Circulation 2.9 Pressure Forcing 2.10 The Thermohaline Circulation 2.11 The Sea Floor and Its Dynamics BibliographyChapter Three Hydrodynamic Equations of the Sea 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Convective Derivative and the Momentum Equation 3.3 Gravitational Forces 3.4 Effects of Spin 3.5 The Coriolis Force 3.6 More Gravity 3.7 Tidal Forces 3.8 Total Potential Caused by Gravity and Rotation 3.9 Internal Forces in a Viscous Fluid 3.10 Conservation Equations for Mass and Salinity 3.11 The Momentum Equation 3.12 Fluctuations, Reynolds Stresses, and Eddy Coefficients 3.13 Boundary Conditions in Fluid Dynamics BibliographyChapter Four Thermodynamics and Energy Relations 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Molecular Structure of H2O 4.3 Effects of Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure 4.4 Thermodynamics of Seawater 4.5 Additional Thermodynamic Equations 4.6 Heat Conduction Equation 4.7 Specific Volume and Salinity Equations 4.8 Equation of State 4.9 Combined Hydrodynamics and Thermodynamics 4.10 Energy Flow and Energy Equations 4.11 Total Energy Equations BibliographyChapter Five Geophysical Fluid Dynamics I: Waves and Tides 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Quasi-Steady Motions 5.3 Buoyancy and Stability 5.4 Surface Waves 5.5 Linear Capillary and Gravity Waves 5.6 Dispersion Characteristics of Surface Waves 5.7 Surface Gravity Waves 5.8 Surface Capillary Waves 5.9 Surface Wave Vorticity 5.10 The Stream Function 5.11 Energy Flow in Surface Waves 5.12 Statistical Descriptions of Surface Gravity Waves 5.13 Long-Wave, Shallow Water Equations 5.14 Tsunami and Seismic Sea Waves 5.15 Deep Sea and Coastal Tides 5.16 Internal Wave Dynamics 5.17 The Two-Layer Fluid 5.18 Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability BibliographyChapter Six Geophysical Fluid Dynamics II: Currents and Circulation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Surface Wind Stress and Ekman Layer Dynamics 6.3 Inertial Oscillations 6.4 Vorticity: Relative, Planetary, Absolute, and Potential 6.5 Sverdrup Transport 6.6 Western Boundary Currents and Geostrophic Flow 6.7 Vorticity Balance in a Western Boundary Current 6.8 The Rossby Radius and the Western Boundary Current 6.9 Meanderings and Other Mesoscale Motions 6.10 Quasi-Geostrophic Motion and Rossby Waves 6.11 Equatorial Waves and El Niño 6.12 A Summary Dispersion Diagram 6.13 Large-Scale Circulation BibliographyChapter Seven Acoustical Oceanography 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Characteristics of Sound in the Sea 7.3 The Acoustic Wave Equation 7.4 The Speed of Sound 7.5 Mechanical Properties of Acoustic Waves 7.6 A Simple Solution to the Wave Equation 7.7 Ray Tracing and the Eikonal Equation 7.8 Propagation Loss 7.9 Reflection and Scattering from Ocean Surfaces 7.10 Reflection, Refraction, and Scattering at the Sea Floor 7.11 Reflection and Scattering by Bodies in the Water Column 7.12 Acoustics and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics 7.13 Underwater Noise BibliographyChapter Eight Electromagnetics and the Sea 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Maxwell's Equations and Constitutive Relations 8.3 Dielectric Function and Electrical Conductivity 8.4 Reflection at a Plane Surface 8.5 The Radar Equation for a Distributed Surface 8.6 Scattering of Electromagnetic Radiation 8.