Introduction to Turkish Law

Name: Introduction to Turkish Law
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Tugrul Ansay(Editor)

Kluwer Law International (Publisher)

Published on 5. June 2020

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Intro
Half-Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Editors
Contributors
Summary of Contents
Table of Contents
Preface to the Seventh Edition
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Sources of Turkish Law
§1.01 INTRODUCTION
§1.02 CUSTOMARY LAW (Örf ve Adet Hukuku)
[A] Custom in Civil Law
[1] Antiquity
[2] Continuity
[3] Popular Belief in the Rightness of a Custom
[4] State Sanction
[5] Agreement with Statutory Law
[B] The Function of Customary Rules in Other Branches of the Law
[1] Criminal Rule
[2] Commercial Law
[3] Public International Law
§1.03 LEGISLATION
[A] In General
[B] Legislation in the Turkish Legal System
[C] The Main Characteristics of Legislation
[D] The Hierarchy of Enacted or Written Laws
[1] The Constitution (Anayasa)
[2] Codes and Statutes (Kanunlar)
[3] International Treaties (Milletlerarası Andlasmalar)
[4] Presidential Decrees (Cumhurbaskanlıgı kararnameleri)
[a] Presidential Decrees Issued in a State of Emergency (Olaganüstü hâl Cumhurbaskanlıgı kararnameleri)
[b] Presidential Decrees (Cumhurbaskanlıgı kararnameleri)
[5] ByLaws (Yönetmelikler)
[E] Codes in Turkey
[F] The Problem of Interpretation
[1] In General
[2] Methods of Interpretation
[a] Grammatical Interpretation
[b] Logical Interpretation
[c] Historical Interpretation
[d] Teleological Interpretation
[G] Retroactivity of Laws (Kanunlarin Geçmise Yürümesi)
[H] Enforcement of Statutes
[I] Repeal of Statutes
§1.04 COURT DECISIONS
[A] General Considerations
[B] Precedents in Turkey
[C] Constitutional Court (Anayasa Mahkemesi)
[D] Court of Cassation (Yargitay)
[E] Council of State (Danıstay)
[F] The Court of Accounts (Sayistay)
[G] Court of Conflicts (Uyusmazlık Mahkemesi)
§1.05 DOCTRINE (BOOKS OF AUTHORITY)
Chapter 2 Constitutional Law
§2.01 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
§2.02 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 1982 CONSTITUTION
[A] Nationalism
[B] Democratic State
[C] Human Rights
[D] Secularism
[E] Social State
[F] The Rule of Law
§2.03 THE LEGISLATURE
[A] The Structure of the Turkish Grand National Assembly
[B] Elections for the Turkish Grand National Assembly
[C] The Legislative Process
§2.04 THE JUDICIARY
[A] The Independence of the Judiciary
[B] The Constitutional Court and Judicial Review of the Constitutionality of Laws
§2.05 THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS OF 2017
[A] The System of Government
[B] Separation of Powers: Legislative-Executive Relations
[C] The Judiciary
Chapter 3 Administrative Law
§3.01 INTRODUCTION
[A] Subject Matter of Administrative Law
[B] Emergence of Administrative Law: Background
[C] Republican Era and Recent Developments
§3.02 BASIC POLITICAL AND LEGAL PRINCIPLES
[A] Legality of the Administration
[B] The Rule of Law
[C] The Concept of the Social State
[D] State Intervention in the Economic Field
[E] Secularism
[F] Indivisibility of Administration
[G] Unilateral Acts
[H] Judicial Review by Administrative Courts
§3.03 ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
[A] Central Administration (Merkezi Idare)
[1] Administrative Structure of the "Capital"
[2] Provincial Administration (Tasra Idaresi)
[B] Decentralized Administration (Yerinden Yönetim)
[1] Local Administrations (Mahalli Idareler)
[2] Functionally Decentralized Organizations (Hizmet Yerinden Yönetim Idareleri)
[3] Public Professional Organizations (Kamu Kurumu Niteligindeki Meslek Kurulusları)
§3.04 ADMINISTRATIVE POWER
[A] Administrative Acts and Rule-Making Power
[B] Administrative Contracts
[C] Administrative Sanctions
[D] Emergency Powers
[1] State of Emergency (Olaganüstü Hal)
[2] Judicial Review
§3.05 PUBLIC PERSONNEL
§3.06 PUBLIC DOMAIN (Kamu Malları)
§3.07 CONTROL OF ADMINISTRATION
[A] Non-judicial Control
[1] Control by Parliament
[2] Presidential Control
[3] Intra-administration Control
[4] Control by the Ombudsman
[B] Judicial Control of Administration
[1] Basic Principles
[2] Organization of Administrative Courts
[a] Council of State
[b] Subordinate Administrative Courts
[3] Judicial Remedies
[a] Action for Annulment
[b] Full Remedy Action
[c] Plea of Unconstitutionality
[d] Individual Application to the Constitutional Court (Constitutional Complaint)
[e] Recourse to the European Court of Human Rights
Chapter 4 Law of Persons
§4.01 THE CONCEPT OF PERSON
§4.02 BEGINNING AND END OF PERSONALITY
§4.03 LEGAL CAPACITY (Hak Ehliyeti)
§4.04 CAPACITY TO ACT (Fiil Ehliyeti)
[A] Definition
[B] The Extent of Capacity
[1] Full Capacity (Tam Ehliyetlilik)
[2] Full Incapacity (Tam Ehliyetsizlik)
[3] Limited Capacity (Sınırlı Ehliyetsizlik)
§4.05 DOMICILE
[A] In General
[B] Domicile of Choice
[C] Domicile by Operation of Law
[D] Necessity of Domicile
§4.06 NAMES
§4.07 NATIONALITY
§4.08 PROTECTION OF PERSONALITY (Kisiligin Korunması)
[A] In General
[B] Protection of Personality Against Others
[C] Protection of Personality Against Oneself
Chapter 5 Legal Persons, Societies and Business Associations
§5.01 IN GENERAL
§5.02 DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEGAL PERSONALITIES (PERSONS)
[A] In General
[B] Associations of Persons or Dedication of a Fund to a Specified Purpose
§5.03 ORDINARY PARTNERSHIP (C.O. ARTICLES 620-645)
§5.04 SOCIETIES
[A] General
[B] Formation
[C] Legal Capacity and Capacity to Act
[D] Bylaws (Dernek tüzügü)
[E] Organization
[1] General Assembly (Genel Kurul)
[a] Powers of the General Assembly
[b] Meetings
[c] Resolutions
[2] Board of Directors
[3] Control
[F] Membership (Üyelik)
[1] Acquisition
[2] Termination of Membership
[a] Resignation (Çıkma, Istifa)
[b] Dismissal (Çıkarılma
Ihraç)
[3] Membership Rights and Duties
[G] Income of a Society
[H] Dissolution
§5.05 BUSINESS ASSOCIATIONS
[A] General Classification
[B] Persons Versus Capital
[1] Business Associations Where Persons Are Important
[2] Business Associations Where Capital Is Important
[C] Business Corporations (Companies, Anonim Sirketler)
[1] General
[2] Formation
[3] Organization
[a] General Assembly (Genel Kurul, Umumi Heyet)
[b] Board of Directors (Yönetim kurulu, Idare meclisi)
[c] Controllers (Comptrollers
denetçiler, murakıplar)
[D] Limited Liability Partnerships (Limited Sirketler)
§5.06 FOUNDATIONS (Vakıflar)
[A] General
[B] Formation
[C] Organization
[D] Dissolution
Chapter 6 Family Law
§6.01 IN GENERAL
§6.02 ENGAGEMENT
[A] Agreement to Marry
[B] Breach of Engagement
§6.03 MARRIAGE
[A] In General
[B] Conditions for a Valid Marriage
[C] Celebration of Marriage
[D] Marital Life
[1] Establishment of Equality
[2] Protection of Weaker Family Members
§6.04 MATRIMONIAL PROPERTY SYSTEMS
§6.05 TERMINATION OF MARRIAGE THROUGH COURT DECISION
[A] In General
[B] Grounds for Annulment of the Marriage
[C] Grounds for Divorce
[1] General Grounds for Divorce
[2] Specific Grounds for Divorce
[D] The Role of the Judge in Annulment and Divorce Lawsuits
[E] Legal Consequences of Divorce
§6.06 PARENT AND CHILD
[A] In General
[B] The Creation of Parent-Child Relation
[1] Natural Relation
[a] Relation to Mother
[b] Relation to Father
[2] Adoption
[C] Effects of Parent-Child Relation
[D] Parental Authority
Chapter 7 Law of Succession
§7.01 IN GENERAL
§7.02 INTESTATE SUCCESSION
[A] Parentals
[B] Other Persons Who May Inherit
[1] Children Born Outside of Marriage
[2] Adopted Children (C.C. Article 500)
[3] The Surviving Spouse (C.C. Article 499)
§7.03 TESTATE SUCCESSION
[A] Wills
[1] Capacity and Genuineness of Assent
[2] Form
[a] The Authentic or Official Will (Resmî Vasiyetname)
[b] The Holographic Will (El Yazılı Vasiyetname) (C.C. Article 538)
[c] The Oral Will (Sözlü Vasiyetname) (C.C. Article 539)
[3] Revocation of Will (C.C. Article 542 ff.)
[4] Beneficiaries
[5] Conditions and Charges
[6] Appointment of Executor
[B] Agreement of Inheritance (C.C. Articles 527 ff.)
§7.04 RESERVED PORTION
[A] General
[B] Reduction of Dispositions (C.C. Articles 560 ff.)
[C] Debarment from Inheritance and Loss of Inheritance Rights
§7.05 TRANSFER OF ESTATE (Mirasın Intikali)
[A] General
[B] Universal Succession
[C] Legal Status of the Heirs Prior to the Partition of Estate
[D] Debts of the Estate
[1] Official Inventory
[2] Official Liquidation (C.C. Articles 632 ff.)
[E] Disclaimer of Inheritance (C.C. Articles 605 ff.)
§7.06 PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ESTATE (C.C. ARTICLES 640 FF.)
[A] Distribution by the Heirs
[B] Distribution by the Court
Chapter 8 Law of Property
§8.01 IN GENERAL
§8.02 PROPERTY
§8.03 OWNERSHIP
[A] The Meaning of Ownership
[1] The Positive Aspect
[2] The Negative Aspect
[B] Ownership and Possession
§8.04 POSSESSION (Zilyetlik)
[A] Elements of Possession
[1] Physical Control
[2] Will
[B] Acquisition of Possession
[C] Land Registry
§8.05 EXTENT OF OWNERSHIP
[A] Ownership Under and Above the Land
[B] Component Part or Fixture
[C] Accessories
§8.06 PARTICIPATION OF SEVERAL PERSONS IN OWNERSHIP
[A] Co-ownership
[B] Joint Ownership
§8.07 ACQUISITION OF OWNERSHIP
[A] Acquisition of Movable Property
[1] Transfer of Title
[2] Original Acquisition
[B] Acquisition of Immovable Property
§8.08 RESTRICTED REAL RIGHTS (Sinirli Ayni Haklar)
[A] Servitudes
[B] Mortgage
Chapter 9 Law of Obligations
§9.01 IN GENERAL
§9.02 BASIC CONCEPTS
§9.03 CONTRACTS
[A] Definition
[B] Freedom of Contract and Privity of Contractual Relationship
[1] Freedom of Contract
[2] Privity of Contractual Relationship
[C] Formation of Contracts
[1] Offer
[2] Acceptance
[D] Interpretation of Contracts
[E] Validity of Contracts
[1] Capacity to Contract (Sözlesme Ehliyeti)
[2] Genuineness of Assent
[a] Mistake
[b] Fraud
[c] Duress
[3] Requirements Regarding the Content of the Contract
[4] Simulation (Muvazaa)
[5] Unfair Exploitation
[6] Standard Terms
[7] Form of Contracts
[a] Written Form as a Prerequisite of Validity
[b] Written Form as a Means of Proof
[F] Statute of Limitations for Contractual Claims
§9.04 TORTS
[A] General
[B] Conditions for Tortious Liability
[1] Unlawful Act (Hukuka aykırı fiil)
[2] Damage
[3] Adequate Causation
[4] Fault
[C] Compensation of Damages
[D] Statute of Limitations
§9.05 UNJUST ENRICHMENT
§9.06 PERFORMANCE OF OBLIGATIONS
[A] Definition
[B] Object of Performance
[C] Performance of Pecuniary Obligations
[D] Partial Performance
[E] Performance in Person and Performance of a Third Person
[F] Place of Performance
[G] Time of Performance
§9.07 NON-PERFORMANCE AND CONSEQUENCES THEREOF
[A] Definition
[B] Subsequent Impossibility
[C] Hardship
[D] Default of the Obligee (Alacaklı Temerrüdü)
[E] Default of the Obligor (Borçlu temerrüdü)
[1] Conditions for Default of the Obligor
[2] Consequences of Default of the Obligor
§9.08 EXTINGUISHMENT OF OBLIGATIONS AND OBLIGATORY RELATIONSHIPS
§9.09 MULTIPLICITY OF OBLIGORS
§9.10 CHANGE OF PARTIES
Chapter 10 Penal Law
§10.01 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL INFORMATION
[A] History Function and Purpose of the Penal Code
[B] Fundamental Principles Governing Turkish Penal Law
[1] Principle of Subsidiarity (Ikincillik Ilkesi)
[2] Humanism (Insancıllık)
[3] Principle of Legality (No Crime or Punishment Without Law)
[4] Proportionality (Orantılılık)
[5] Equality Before the Law (Kanun Önünde Esitlik)
[6] Principle of Culpability (Kusur Ilkesi, Nullum Poena Sine Culpa)
[C] Sources of Turkish Penal Law
[D] Scope of Application of the Turkish Penal Code
[1] Temporal Scope of Application
[2] Territorial Scope of Application
[3] Personal Scope of Application
[E] Extradition (Iade/Geri verme)
§10.02 THE CRIMINAL OFFENSE
[A] The Definition of Crime and Its Constitutive Elements
[B] Other Conditions Not Constituting Elements of Crimes
[C] The Material Elements of the Crime / Objective Elements of Typicity (Suçun Maddi Unsurları / Tipikligin Objektif Unsurları)
[D] The Moral Element(s) of the Crime / Subjective Elements of Typicity (Suçun Manevi Unsurları / Tipikligin Sübjektif Unsurları)
[1] In General
[2] Intent (Kast)
[3] Negligence (Taksir)
[4] The Aggravation of an Offense Due to Its Consequences (Netice Sebebiyle Agırlasan Suçlar)
[5] "Special Intent"-Crimes
[6] Intent and Mistake
[E] Unlawfulness (Hukuka Aykırılık)
[1] Scope of the Concept
[2] Grounds of Justification
[a] Execution of a Statutory Provision (Kanunun Hükmünü Icra)
[b] Self-Defense (Mesru Savunma)
[c] Exercise of a Right (Hakkın Kullanılması)
[d] Consent of the Person Concerned (Ilgilinin Rızası)
[e] Exceeding the Permissible Limits of a Justification
[F] Culpability (Kusurluluk)
[1] Criminal Capacity (Kusur yetenegi)
[a] Minority of Age
[b] Deafness/Muteness
[c] Mental Disorder
[d] Transitory/Extraneous Reasons, and Being under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs
[2] Grounds Precluding Culpability
[a] Execution of Superior Orders (Amirin Emrini Ifa)
[b] State of Necessity (Zorunluluk/Iztırar)
[c] Force and Violence, Menace and Threat (Cebir ve Siddet, Korkutma ve Tehdit)
[d] Mistake (Yanılma/Hata)
[3] Unjust Provocation (Haksız Tahrik) as a Ground Reducing Culpability
[G] Types of Manifestation of the Crime (Suçun Özel Görünüs Sekilleri)
[1] Attempt (Tesebbüs)
[a] Voluntary Desistance from the Crime
[b] Effective Remorse
[2] Participation (Istirak)
[3] Multiplicity/Aggregation of Crimes (Suçların Içtimaı/Birlesmesi)
[a] Compound Crime (Bilesik/Mürekkep Suç)
[b] Successive or Continuous Crime (Zincirleme/Müteselsil suç)
[c] Formal Aggregation (Fikri içtima)
§10.03 SANCTIONS (Yaptırımlar)
[A] Types of Sanctions
[1] Imprisonment (Hapis Cezası)
[2] Judicial Fine (Adli Para Cezası)
[3] Reformatory/Preventive/Security Measures (Güvenlik Tedbirleri)
[B] Determination and Individualization of the Punishment (Cezanın Belirlenmesi ve Bireysellestirilmesi)
[C] Suspending the Execution of the Sentence of Imprisonment (Hapis Cezasının Ertelenmesi)
[D] Conditional Release (Kosullu Salıverilme)
§10.04 DISMISSAL OF ACTION (DISCONTINUANCE OF PROCEEDINGS) AND SETTING ASIDE OF THE PUNISHMENT (Dava ve Ceza Iliskisini Düsüren Sebepler)
[A] Death of the Accused or the Convict (Sanıgın veya Hükümlünün Ölümü)
[B] Amnesty (Genel Af) and Pardon (Özel Af)
[C] Statute of Limitations (Zamanasımı)
[D] Waiving the Complaint (Sikayetten Vazgeçme)
[E] Advance Payment (Önödeme)
Chapter 11 Law of Civil Procedure
§11.01 IN GENERAL
§11.02 COURT STRUCTURE IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
§11.03 ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
[A] Judges
[B] Court Reporters or Clerks
[C] Public Prosecutors
[D] Practicing Lawyers
[E] Notary
§11.04 COMMENCING AN ACTION
[A] General
[B] Ordinary Procedure
[1] Jurisdiction
[a] Competence (görev)
[b] Venue (yetki)
[2] Petition of the Case
[3] Notice of the Defendant (Tebligat)
[4] Defendant's Response (Petition of Reply, Cevap dilekçesi)
[5] Pretrial Procedure (Ön Inceleme)
§11.05 EVIDENCE
[A] Burden of Proof
[B] Means of Proof
[1] Written Instruments or Deeds
[2] Books of Account
[3] Witnesses
[4] Oath
[5] Expert Evidence
[C] Depositions
[D] View and Real Evidence
§11.06 RENDITION OF JUDGMENT
[A] Final Decision
[B] Form of Judgment
[C] Effect of Judgment
§11.07 APPEAL (Kanun Yollari-Istinaf ve Temyiz)
§11.08 SUMMARY PROCEDURES
[A] Accelerated Procedures
[B] Summary Procedures for Debt Collection
[1] Ordinary Attachment Procedure
[2] Attachment Procedure for Claims Based on Commercial Papers
§11.09 ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS
[A] Money-Judgments and Judgments for Cancellation of the Debtor's Opposition
[B] Judgments for the Recovery of Immovable Property
[C] Judgments for an Order to Perform or Refrain from Performing an Act
Part 1 Introduction
Part 2 Law of Civil Procedure
Chapter 12 Law of Penal Procedure
§12.01 THE ORGANIZATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN TURKEY
[A] Criminal Courts in Turkey
[1] Courts of First Instance
[2] Courts of Legal Remedies
[3] The Judge
[B] Investigating and Prosecuting Authorities
[1] Office of the Chief Public Prosecution
[2] The Judicial Police
[3] The Intervening Party
[4] The Victim of the Crime and the Injured Party
[C] Defense Authorities
[1] The Defender
[2] The Suspect and the Accused
§12.02 THE POWERS OF THE STATE WITHIN THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
[A] Covert Investigations
[B] Regular Investigations
[1] The Powers to Stop and Check
[2] The Powers to Search
[3] The Powers of Seizure
[4] The Power of Arrest
[5] Pretrial Detention
[6] The Warrant of Attachment
[7] Interviewing the Accused
[8] Interviewing of Witnesses
§12.03 PHASES OF PENAL PROCEDURE
[A] The Investigation Phase
[1] Duty to Investigate
[2] Dropping the Prosecution and Objections
[3] Duty to Prosecute
[B] Alternative Dispute Resolution Options
[1] Prepayment of Judicial Fine
[2] Mediation
[3] Discretion in Filing a Public Claim
[4] Referral of Prosecution
[5] Speedy Adjudication
[C] The Prosecution Phase
[1] Reversal or Approval of Indictment
[2] Simplified Adjudication
[3] Principles Applicable in the Trial
[4] Preparations for Trial
[5] The Trial Session
[6] The Evidence
[7] The Exclusion of the Evidence
[8] The Conclusion of the Trial: Judgment
[D] Enforcement of Final Judgments
§12.04 LEGAL REMEDIES
[A] Ordinary Legal Remedies
[1] Opposition
[2] Appeal on Fact and Law
[3] Appeal on Law
[B] Extraordinary Legal Remedies
[1] Extraordinary Opposition of the Attorney General
[2] Reversal in Favor of the Administration of Justice
[3] Reopening of the Trial
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Introduction to Turkish Law

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