The Real Issues of the Middle East and the Arab Spring

Name: The Real Issues of the Middle East and the Arab Spring | Addressing Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship
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Addressing Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Thomas Andersson Abdelkader DJEFLAT(Editor)

Springer (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 15. November 2012

XX, 440 pages

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978-1-4614-5248-5 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
The Real Issues of the Middle Eastand the Ar ab Spring
Series Foreword
Preface
Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms
1 Introduction
Part I Defining the Need of Reform: Special Context, Benchmarking and Best Practices
2 The Changing Landscape of the Middle EastMiddle East
2.1.The Origins and Special Context
2.1.1 Expansion and Fragmentation
2.1.2 Loss of Momentum
2.1.3 The Colonial Era
2.1.4 The Blended Regions of the World
2.1.5 What Characterises the Middle EastMiddle East?What Characterises the Middle EastMiddle East?
2.2.The Era of ChangeEra of Change and the Arab SpringArab Spring
2.2.1 The Varying Record of GovernmentsGovernments
2.2.2 New GenerationsNew Generations: The Arab SpringArab Spring
2.3.Economic Structure, Development and DemographyDemography
2.3.1 On the Economic Structure
2.3.2 The Backlash
2.3.3 The Demographic Issue
2.4.The Spectre of UnemploymentUnemployment
2.5.EducationEducation and Employment
2.6.Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
3 Capacity Building, Rationale and Learning from Best Practice
3.1.TechnologyTechnology ICTICT and Human Capital
3.2.A Systemic Approach to STISTI and EducationEducation
3.2.1 The Evasive and Multifaceted Concept of InnovationInnovation
3.2.2 Inter-Related Success and Leverage Factors
3.3.On the Rationale for Research and InnovationInnovation Policy
3.4.MNEs, SMEs and EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship
3.5.Addressing Context-Specific Systems
3.6.Resource Wealth: A Blessing or a CurseCurse?
3.7.Towards a Relevant Policy: Searching for Best Practice
3.8.On the Application of Best Practice
Acknowledgments
4 Basics on BenchmarkingBenchmarking
4.1.Types of BenchmarkingBenchmarking
4.2.Issues in BenchmarkingBenchmarking
4.3.On Points of Reference and Types of Comparison
4.4.Types of Economy in Focus
5 Examining Performance
5.1.Introduction
5.2.Points of Reference
5.3.Level of Development
5.4.Towards the Knowledge-Based SocietyKnowledge-based Society
5.5.Concluding Remarks on Policy
6 Measuring Performance in GCCGCC and Selected MENAMENA Countries: In-Depth Considerations of Implementation
6.1.On the Rationale for In-depth BenchmarkingBenchmarking
6.2.Output Analysis and Performance BenchmarkingBenchmarking in STISTI
6.2.1 High-TechnologyTechnology Exports
6.2.2 Registered PatentsPatents
6.2.2.1 Company Awareness of Local Patent Services and Tax Incentives
6.2.2.2 Alternative Modes of Protection and Strategic Issues
6.2.3 Foreign Direct Investment and TechnologyTechnologyTransfer
6.3.Input Analysis and Policy BenchmarkingPolicy Benchmarking
6.3.1 Absorptive Capacity
6.3.1.1 Absorptive Capacity at Company Level
6.3.1.2 Absorptive Capacity of the Research System: Public Funding
6.3.2 Private Sector and Company Spending on R&DR&D
6.3.3 Venture CapitalVenture Capital
6.3.3.1 Availability of Venture CapitalVenture Capital
6.3.3.2 Venture CapitalVenture Capital and Capacity for InnovationInnovation
6.3.4 Human Capital
6.3.4.1 Number of Researchers
6.3.4.2 Gross Tertiary Enrolment
6.3.4.3 UnemploymentUnemployment of Graduates
6.3.4.4 Weakness of Industrial Research
6.3.4.5 Brain Drain and Capacity to Retain CompetenciesCompetencies
6.3.5 The QualityQuality Issue
6.3.5.1 QualityQuality of the EducationEducation System
6.3.5.2 QualityQuality of Research Institutions
6.3.6 Institutions and GovernanceGovernance
6.3.6.1 Corporate Governance Governance
6.3.6.2 GovernanceGovernance of Higher EducationEducation
6.3.6.3 UniversityUniversity--Industry CollaborationCollaboration
6.3.6.4 Government Procurement of High-Tech Products
6.4.Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Part II Issues, Challenges and Opportunities
7 The Relevance of Science and Technology for the Arab Spring and the Key Role of the Knowledge Economy
7.1.Introduction
7.2.The Economic and Political Circumstances that Created the Turmoil
7.2.1 Economic Factors
7.2.2 GovernanceGovernance, Legitimacy and AccountabilityAccountability
7.3.The ScienceScience, TechnologyTechnology and InnovationInnovation Issues Underlying the Arab SpringArab Spring
7.3.1 The Accumulation of DiscontentDiscontent
7.3.1.1 ExclusionExclusion of the Creative Class
7.3.1.2 The Failure of UniversityUniversity and Higher EducationEducation
7.3.1.3 Multi-Dimensional STI-Based Crisis of Self-Confidence
7.3.1.4 The Crisis of EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship and SMEs
7.3.1.5 Side-Effects of Overly Nationalistic Attitudes
7.3.2 ScienceScience, TechnologyTechnology and InnovationInnovation and the Arab SpringArab Spring: The Outburst
7.3.2.1 The Role of Information and Communications TechnologyTechnology (ICT)
7.3.2.2 The Appropriation of InnovationInnovation in the Arab SpringArab Spring
7.3.2.3 EducationEducation and Training
7.3.2.4 Institutions and GovernanceGovernance
7.4.Conclusion: STI as a New Prospect for the Arab SpringArab Spring
8 Research, Innovation, Entrepreneurship and the Rentier Culture in the Arab Countries
8.1.Introduction
8.2.Challenges Confronting the Arab Countries
8.2.1 Arab Economies: Resources, Endowment and Predominant Development Models
8.2.2 The RentierRentier Model and its Consequences
8.2.2.1 Competitiveness of Arab Economies
8.2.2.2 Private Enterprise in the Arab Countries
8.2.3 Poverty and UnemploymentUnemployment in the Arab Countries
8.2.3.1 Poverty
8.2.3.2 UnemploymentUnemployment
8.3.EducationEducation in the Arab Countries: Achievements and Persistent Challenges
8.4.Research and Innovation in the Arab CountriesArab countries
8.4.1 Arab ScienceScience, TechnologyTechnology and InnovationInnovation Policies
8.4.2 Research Spending and Innovative Output
8.4.3 Focus and Impact of Research Activity
8.4.4 Patenting Activity by the Arab Countries
8.5.Information and Communications TechnologyTechnology (ICT) and the Arabic Language
8.6.Conclusions
9 S&T Innovation Systems: The Role of Manufacturing, Institutions and Leaders
9.1.Introduction
9.2.S&T Policy: InnovationInnovation and the Manufacturing ''Industrial Commons''
9.3.S&T Policy: The Industrial InnovationInnovation Ecosystem
9.4.S&T Policy and Intermediate R&D Institutions
9.4.1 Engineering Research Centres (USA)
9.4.2 Centres for ScienceScience, Engineering and TechnologyTechnology (Ireland)
9.4.3 Fraunhofer Institutes (Germany)
9.4.4 NSF Industry/UniversityUniversity Cooperative Research Centres (USA)
9.4.5 Metropolitan Industrial Research Institutes (Japan)
9.5.S&T Policy and R&D Institutional LeadersLeaders
9.6.Summary and Conclusions
10 InnovationInnovation in the Public Sector: Experiences in E-Procurement and UniversityUniversity Research
10.1.Introduction
10.2.Public Procurement
10.3.UniversityUniversity Research
10.4.New Tools: BibliometricBibliometric Analysis of Research Networks
10.4.1 Background of BibliometricBibliometric Analysis
10.4.2 Method
10.4.3 Network Maps of the Top-20 Research Fields of the GCC and YemenYemen
10.4.4 Evolution and Research Priority Areas
10.5.Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
11 New Perspectives on Health Issues, Research and Innovation
11.1.GCC Demographics
11.1.1 The GCC Health Challenges
11.1.2 Kuwait Population and Health Challenges
11.1.3 ObesityObesity and Diabetes in Kuwait
11.2.The Kuwait Constitution
11.3.Health Research and InnovationInnovation
11.3.1 ScienceScience, TechnologyTechnology and InnovationInnovation System
11.3.2 Information and CommunicationCommunication TechnologyTechnology
11.3.3 Linkages, Partnerships and CollaborationCollaboration Enhances Research Capacity Building
11.3.4 Cell TherapyCell Therapy for DiabetesDiabetes
11.3.5 Innovative Genomic Research
11.3.6 eHealtheHealth
11.3.7 eLearningeLearning
11.3.8 mHealthmHealth Initiative
11.3.9 Children's Health Magazine
11.4.Kuwait DiabetesDiabetes Resource Centre
11.5.Geographic Information Systems for Health
11.6.Conclusion
Acknowledgments
12 A Research and Development Framework for Sustainable Development in the GCC Countries
12.1.Introduction
12.2.The Environmental Agenda: Definitions and Measurement
12.3.Indicators
12.4.A Dire Situation
12.5.STI Policies in Support of Sustainable Development
12.6.The Prospect of Greening the Middle EastMiddle East
12.7.Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Part III Science, Technology,Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Leveraging International Cooperation
13 Research Priorities and Their Impact on the National InnovationInnovation System
13.1.Introduction
13.2.Policy Instruments
13.3.Towards Prioritising Research
13.4.Proposed Research Priorities
13.4.1 EnvironmentEnvironment, WaterWater and Climate (Including Marine, Agriculture and Food)
13.4.2 Health
13.5.EnergyEnergy
13.6.Information and CommunicationCommunication TechnologyTechnology
13.6.1 Additional Research Areas
13.6.1.1 Aerospace
13.6.1.2 Transport
13.6.1.3 Materials
13.7.Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
14 ICT ConvergenceConvergence and Europe's Digital Agenda 2010--2020
14.1.Introduction
14.2.ICT and the GCC
14.3.Digital ConvergenceConvergence
14.4.Digital Agenda for EuropeDigital Agenda for Europe 2010--2020: An Opportunity for CooperationCooperation
14.5.Related Factors
14.6.Issues Requiring Action
14.6.1 Increasing Trust
14.6.2 Developing Ultra-High Speed and Wireless Broadband
14.6.3 Investing
14.6.4 Increasing Regular Use of the InternetInternet
14.6.5 Developing EducationEducation
14.6.6 Developing e-Government Services
14.6.7 Developing Health Care
14.6.8 Developing Media LabMedia Labs
14.6.9 Developing S&T Parks
14.7.Concluding Remarks
15 Establishing a New Framework for Lifelong Learning
15.1.Introduction
15.2.Lifelong Learning: A Potential for Development
15.3.Perspectives on Lifelong Learning
15.4.Lifelong Learning in Practice
15.5.The North--South Dimension of Lifelong Learning
15.6.Pathway for Lifelong Learning in Arab Gulf Countries
15.7.Concluding Remarks
16 UniversityUniversity-Industry CooperationCooperation and Conditions for Start-Ups
16.1.Introduction
16.2.Background
16.3.Theoretical Background for Scientist EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship
16.4.The Nature of Scientist EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship
16.5.Modelling Scientist EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship in Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
16.6.Results
16.7.Conclusions
Acknowledgments
17 Building Knowledge and Innovation-Driven Economies in Arab Countries: How to Do It
17.1.Past Trends
17.2.Three Strategic Frameworks
17.2.1 Institutional Reforms
17.2.2 Economic DiversificationDiversification
17.2.3 International and Regional Integration
17.3.MindsetMindset and Cultural Change
17.3.1 Immediate Actions for MindsetMindset Change
17.3.2 Long-Term Value-Related Actions
17.4.Concluding Remarks
18 Special Considerations and Ways Forward
18.1.GCCGCC Precedence Issues
18.2.Selected Themes Under Scrutiny
18.3.Advancing the Dialogue for Action
18.4.Institutional Reform: Universities and EntrepreneurshipEntrepreneurship
18.5.Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Appendix A Additional Information
Appendix B Survey on Research Commercialisation
About the Editors
About the Contributors
References
Index

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