Politics and Change in the Middle East

Detailed Contents -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 Traditional Cultures of the Middle East: The -- of Civilization and Politics -- Chapter 2 The Foundations of Islam -- Chapter 3 The Political Legacy of Islam, 632-1800 C.E. -- Chapter 4 Western Imperialism, 1800-1914 C.E. -- Chapter 5 The Rise of the State System, 1914-1950 -- Chapter 6 The Drive for Self-Determination, 1950-1990 -- Chapter 7 Turning Points -- Chapter 8 The Politics of Religion, Culture, and Social Life -- Chapter 9 Political Elites -- Chapter 10 Political Leadership in the Contemporary East -- Chapter 11 The Economic Setting -- Chapter 12 International Relations in the Middle -- 1945-1990 -- Chapter 13 International Relations in the Middle -- 1945-1990: The Regional Actors -- Chapter 14 The Middle East and the Changing -- Order: 1991-2001 -- Chapter 15 Did 9 /11 Change Everything? -- Glossary -- Index. Preface -- BRIEF CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- Politics and Conflict -- Approaches to Social Change -- Chapter 1 TRADITIONAL CULTURES OF THE MIDDLE -- THE CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION AND POLITICS -- Foundations of Social Diversity -- Ecological Diversity -- Nomads -- Peasants and Urbanites -- Ethnic and Religious Diversity -- Descent, Occupation, and Social Stratification -- The Patchwork of Pluralism: Two Historical Examples -- Unity in Diversity -- Family, Kinship, and Marriage -- Religion -- Chapter 2 THE FOUNDATIONS OF ISLAM -- Central Beliefs of Islam -- The Five Pillars of Islam -- The Koran and the Hadith -- The Ulema -- Pre-Islamic Arab Ethics -- The Social Setting of Mecca -- The Confessional Religions -- Muhammad's Ministry -- The Hijira -- The Koran's Social Regulations -- The Spread of Islam -- Jihad and the Djimmi System -- Five Popular Misconceptions about Islam -- Islam as an Exotic Religion -- Islam as a Militant Religion -- Islam as an Intolerant Religion -- Islam as an Ultraconservative Religion -- Islam as a Sexist Religion -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 THE POLITICAL LEGACY OF -- 632-1800 C.E. -- The Establishment of the Islamic State -- The Golden Age of the Caliphate -- Mongol Destruction and the Rebirth of the Empire -- The Ottoman Empire -- Growth and Decline in the Islamic State -- Legitimacy in Government -- The Political Role of the Ulema -- The Sharia Law -- The Shia -- Sufism -- Islam and Radical Politics -- The Kharijites -- Ismailis and Qarmatians -- The Mahdi -- Twelver Shiism -- The Muwahhidun Movement -- Diversity in Islamic Political Thought -- Chapter 4 WESTERN IMPERIALISM, 1800-1914 C.E. -- Setting the Stage -- The Ottomans -- Tanzimat Period (1839-1876) -- Egypt -- The Levant -- The Arabian Peninsula -- Iran -- Qajar Dynasty -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5 THE RISE OF THE STATE SYSTEM, 1914-1950 -- The McMahon-Husein Correspondence -- The Balfour Declaration -- World Zionist Organization -- The Mandates -- Syria and Lebanon -- Iraq and Transjordan -- Egypt -- Wafd Party and Muslim Brotherhood -- Egypt after World War II -- Saudi Arabia -- Turkey and Iran -- Turkey -- Iran -- From Palestine to Israel -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6 THE DRIVE FOR -- 1950-1990 -- Arab Nationalism -- Suez Canal Crisis and the Israeli War (1956) -- Syria -- The United Arab Republic -- Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq -- Iran, the Gulf States, and Petroleum -- Iranian Revolution -- Iranian Revolutionary Government -- Iraq-Iran War: 1980-1988 -- Saudi Arabia's Political Stability -- Yemen -- Gulf Cooperation Council -- Israel -- Political Setting -- Social Setting -- Israel and the Border States -- The 1956 Arab-Israeli War -- The 1967 Arab-Israeli War -- The 1973 Arab-Israeli War -- The 1982 Invasion of Lebanon -- The Palestinians and the 1988 Uprising -- The First Intifadah -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7 TURNING POINTS -- Circa 1990 -- Circa 2000 -- Circa 2010 -- Globalization -- Arab Nationalism -- International Organizations -- Economic Liberalization -- Political Islam -- Occupation of Iraq -- Political Legitimacy in the Gulf -- From Oslo to Jerusalem to Gaza -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8 THE POLITICS OF RELIGION, -- AND SOCIAL LIFE -- The Politics of Culture -- Politics of Culture in Islamic History -- Colonialism and Cultural Politics -- The Contemporary Politics of Islam -- Turkey: Radical Westernization and the Durability of Islam -- Egypt: The Labyrinth of Possibilities -- Saudi Arabia -- Iran and the Islamic Republic -- The Islamic Republic -- Sexual Politics -- Sexual Equality in Islam: The Modernist Interpretation -- Sexual Inequality in Islamic Tradition -- Struggle for Reform -- Women in the Islamic Revival -- Conclusion -- Chapter 9 POLITICAL ELITES -- Traditional, Transitional, and Technically Modernizing Elites -- Traditional Elites -- Transitional Elites -- IRAN -- SAUDI ARABIA -- KUWAIT -- BAHRAIN -- LIBYA -- JORDAN -- GULF EMIRATES -- Modern Elites -- TURKEY -- EGYPT -- SYRIA -- IRAQ -- LEBANON -- ISRAEL -- Conclusion -- Chapter 10 POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN THE -- MIDDLE EAST -- Traditional Leadership -- King Farouk of Egypt -- Charismatic Leadership -- Gamal Abdel Nasser -- Modern Bureaucratic Leadership -- Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak -- Consequences of Leadership Styles -- Traditional States -- Modern Bureaucratic States -- Charismatic Rule -- Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini -- Colonel Muammar Qadaffi -- Conclusion -- Chapter 11 THE ECONOMIC SETTING -- Economic Record -- Organization of Economic Activity -- Islamic Economics -- Economic Liberalization -- TURKEY -- IRAN -- Liberalization and Globalization -- Land Distribution Policies -- Turkey -- Egypt -- Syria -- Libya, Iraq, and Iran -- Agricultural Policies -- Water -- Population -- Migration -- Urbanization -- Employment -- Industry -- Petroleum -- Early Years -- World War II to 1970 -- OPEC Revolution -- Conclusion -- Chapter 12 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE MIDDLE -- 1945-1990 -- The Great-Power System and The Middle East -- U.S. Foreign Policy -- Phase I -- Phase II -- INTERVENTIONS IN IRAN -- SUEZ WAR -- LEBANON CRISIS OF 1958 -- Phase III -- Soviet Foreign Policy -- Britain and France -- China and Japan -- Conclusion -- Chapter 13 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE MIDDLE -- 1945-1990: THE REGIONAL ACTORS -- Palestinian International Action -- OPEC and Islam -- Nuclear Arms and Regional Politics -- Foreign Policies of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Israel -- Egyptian Foreign Policy -- EGYPTIAN FOREIGN POLICY UNDER SADAT AND MUBARAK -- Saudi Arabian Foreign Policy -- Iranian Foreign Policy -- FOREIGN POLICY OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION -- Israeli Foreign Policy -- Conclusion -- Chapter 14 THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE -- INTERNATIONAL ORDER: 1991-2001 -- Dimensions of the Emerging International Order -- The Middle East in the Emerging International Order -- Iraq-Kuwait Crisis -- Multinational Actors in the Conflict -- Desert Storm -- The Middle East at the End of Desert Storm -- Desert Storm as Indicator of New -- Realities -- The Arabs and the Israelis -- From Jerusalem to Oslo -- Superpowers and Great Powers -- Middle Eastern States -- Egypt -- Saudi Arabia -- Other Gulf States -- Syria -- Lebanon -- Iran -- Turkey -- Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia -- Libya -- Israel -- Conclusion -- The View from 2000 -- Chapter 15 DID 9 /11 CHANGE EVERYTHING? -- The Reemergence of Iraq -- Two Coalitions -- The Middle East Quartet -- Regional Actors -- World Public Opinion -- War -- Perceptions -- A New Decade -- Elections in Israel -- Elections in Iran -- Elections in Iraq -- Regional Politics -- Turkey -- Saudi Arabia -- GCC -- Egypt -- Syria -- Jordan -- Iraq -- A Clash of Civilizations? -- Conclusion -- Glossary -- Index