
The Hippocampus Book
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Chapter 1 The Hippocampal Formation
- 1.1 Overview
- 1.2 Why Study the Hippocampal Formation on its Own?
- 1.3 Defining the Contemporary Era
- 1.4 Organization and Content of the Book
- Chapter 2 Historical Perspective: Proposed Functions, Biological Characteristics, and Neurobiological Models of the Hippocampus
- 2.1 Overview
- 2.2 The Dawn of Hippocampal Studies
- 2.2.1 A Famous Dispute About the Significance of the Hippocampus
- 2.3 Early Ideas About Hippocampal Function
- 2.3.1 The Hippocampal Formation and Olfactory Function
- 2.3.2 The Hippocampal Formation and Emotion
- 2.3.3 The Hippocampal Formation and Attention Control
- 2.3.4 The Hippocampal Formation and Memory
- 2.3.5 More Direct Evidence for Hippocampal Involvement in Memory
- 2.3.6 The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map
- 2.3.7 Conclusions
- 2.4 Special Features of Hippocampal Anatomy and Neurobiology
- 2.4.1 Early Neuroanatomical Studies of the Hippocampus
- 2.4.2 New Fiber Tracing Methods
- 2.4.3 New Anatomical Techniques that Revolutionized Connectivity Studies
- 2.4.4 Predominantly Unidirectional Connectivity Between Cortical Strips
- 2.4.5 New Tracing Studies Using Axonal Transport
- 2.4.6 Electron Microscopy Offers New Opportunities
- 2.4.7 Hippocampal Synapses Are Highly Plastic: Early Studies of Sprouting
- 2.4.8 Hippocampal Neurons: Transplantable with Retention of Many Basic Properties
- 2.4.9 Hippocampal Cells Grow Well in Culture
- 2.4.10 Development of Hippocampal Slices: From Seahorse to Workhorse
- 2.5 Several Neurophysiological Principles Have Been Discovered in Hippocampal Studies
- 2.5.1 Identification of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
- 2.5.2 Gray Type 2 Synapses are Inhibitory and are Located on the Soma of Pyramidal and Granule Cells
- 2.5.3 Gray Type 1 Synapses are Excitatory and are Located on Dendritic Spines
- 2.5.4 Long-lasting Alterations of Synaptic Efficiency After Physiological Stimulation
- 2.5.5 Hippocampal Systems: Exhibiting Several Types of Oscillatory Behavior
- 2.5.6 Studies of Epileptiform Behavior
- 2.6 Development of Methodological Procedures for General Use
- 2.6.1 Hippocampus as a Test Bed for Microelectrode Work
- 2.6.2 Pioneers of Intracellular Recording
- 2.6.3 Tetrode Development
- 2.6.4 Field Potential Analysis
- 2.6.5 Histochemistry: Pioneered in the Hippocampus
- 2.6.6 Pharmacological Analysis of Cellular Properties
- 2.6.7 Development of Computational Models of Neural Networks
- 2.6.8 The Hippocampal Formation: A Test Bed for Several Types of Neural Dysfunction and Neuropathology
- References
- Chapter 3 Hippocampal Neuroanatomy
- 3.1 Overview
- 3.1.1 Hippocampus: Part of a Functional Brain System Called the Hippocampal Formation
- 3.1.2 Similarities and Differences Between the Hippocampal Formation and other Cortical Areas
- 3.1.3 Hippocampal Formation: With A Unique Set of Unidirectional, Excitatory Pathways
- 3.1.4 Hippocampus of Humans and Animals: Same or Different?
- 3.1.5 Synopsis of the Chapter
- 3.2 Historical Overview of Hippocampal Nomenclature - What's in a Name?
- 3.2.1 Definition of Hippocampal Areas: Definition of Terms
- 3.2.2 Subdivision of Hippocampal Areas
- 3.2.3 Major Fiber Bundles of the Hippocampal Formation
- 3.3 Three-dimensional Organization and Major Fiber Systems of the Hippocampal Formation
- 3.3.1 Rat Hippocampal Formation
- 3.3.2 Major Fiber Systems of the Rat Hippocampal Formation
- 3.3.3 Monkey Hippocampal Formation
- 3.3.4 Human Hippocampal Formation
- 3.4 Neuroanatomy of the Rat Hippocampal Formation
- 3.4.1 Dentate Gyrus
- 3.4.2 Hippocampus
- 3.4.3 Subiculum
- 3.4.4 Presubiculum and Parasubiculum
- 3.4.5 Entorhinal Cortex
- 3.5 Chemical Neuroanatomy
- 3.5.1 Transmitters and Receptors
- 3.5.2 Steroids
- 3.6 Comparative Neuroanatomy of the Rat, Monkey, and Human Hippocampal Formation
- 3.6.1 Neuron Numbers
- 3.6.2 Comparison of Rat and Monkey Hippocampal Formation
- 3.6.3 Comparison of Monkey and Human Hippocampal Formation
- 3.7 Principles of Hippocampal Connectivity and Implications for Information Processing
- 3.7.1 Highly Distributed Three-Dimensional Network of Intrinsic Connections
- 3.7.2 Functional Implications of the Septotemporal Topography of Connections
- 3.7.3 Functional Implications of the Transverse Topography of Connections
- 3.7.4 Serial and Parallel Processing in the Hippocampal Formation
- 3.8 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 4 Morphological Development of the Hippocampus
- 4.1 Overview
- 4.2 Neurogenesis and Cell Migration
- 4.2.1 Pyramidal Neurons
- 4.2.2 Granule Cells
- 4.2.3 Local Circuit Neurons and Hilar Neurons
- 4.2.4 Determinants of Neuronal Migration in the Hippocampus
- 4.3 Development of Hippocampal Connections
- 4.3.1 Entorhinal Connections
- 4.3.2 Commissural Connections
- 4.3.3 Septal Connections
- 4.3.4 General Principles Underlying the Formation of Synaptic Connections in the Hippocampus
- 4.4 Development of the Primate Hippocampal Formation
- 4.4.1 Neurogenesis
- 4.4.2 Neuronal Differentiation
- References
- Chapter 5 Structural and Functional Properties of Hippocampal Neurons
- 5.1 Overview
- 5.2 CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
- 5.2.1 Dendritic Morphology
- 5.2.2 Dendritic Spines and Synapses
- 5.2.3 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs
- 5.2.4 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
- 5.2.5 Resting Potential and Action Potential Firing Properties
- 5.2.6 Resting Membrane Properties
- 5.2.7 Implications for Voltage-Clamp Experiments in CA1 Neurons
- 5.2.8 Attenuation of Synaptic Potentials in CA1 Dendrites
- 5.2.9 Mechanisms of Compensation for Synaptic Attenuation in CA1 Dendrites
- 5.2.10 Pyramidal Neuron Function: Passive Versus Active Dendrites
- 5.2.11 Dendritic Excitability and Voltage-Gated Channels in CA1 Neurons
- 5.2.12 Sources of CA[Sup(2+)] Elevation in CA1 Pyramidal Neuron Dendrites
- 5.2.13 Distribution of Voltage-Gated Channels in the Dendrites of CA1 Neurons
- 5.2.14 Functional Implications of Voltage-Gated Channels in CA1 Dendrites: Synaptic Integration and Plasticity
- 5.2.15 General Lessons Regarding Pyramidal Neuron Function
- 5.3 CA3 Pyramidal Neurons
- 5.3.1 Dendritic Morphology
- 5.3.2 Dendritic Spines and Synapses
- 5.3.3 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs
- 5.3.4 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
- 5.3.5 Resting Potential and Action Potential Firing Properties
- 5.3.6 Resting Membrane Properties
- 5.3.7 Active Properties of CA3 Dendrites
- 5.4 Subicular Pyramidal Neurons
- 5.4.1 Dendritic Morphology
- 5.4.2 Dendritic Spines and Synaptic Inputs
- 5.4.3 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
- 5.4.4 Resting and Active Properties
- 5.4.5 Mechanisms of Bursting
- 5.4.6 Membrane Potential Oscillations
- 5.5 Dentate Granule Neurons
- 5.5.1 Dendritic Morphology and Spines
- 5.5.2 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs
- 5.5.3 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
- 5.5.4 Resting Potential and Action Potential Firing Properties
- 5.5.5 Resting Membrane Properties
- 5.5.6 Active Properties of Granule Cells
- 5.6 Mossy Cells in the Hilus
- 5.6.1 Dendritic Morphology and Spines
- 5.6.2 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs
- 5.6.3 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
- 5.6.4 Resting and Active Properties
- 5.6.5 Other Spiny Neurons in the Hilus
- 5.7 Pyramidal and Nonpyramidal Neurons of Entorhinal Cortex
- 5.7.1 Stellate Cells of Layer II
- 5.7.2 Pyramidal Cells of Layer II
- 5.7.3 Pyramidal Cells of Layer III
- 5.7.4 Pyramidal Cells of Deep Layers
- 5.8 Pyramidal and Nonpyramidal Neurons of Presubiculum and Parasubiculum
- 5.9 Local Circuit Inhibitory Interneurons
- 5.9.1 Understanding Interneuron Diversity
- 5.9.2 Dendritic Morphology
- 5.9.3 Dendritic Spines
- 5.9.4 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
- 5.9.5 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
- 5.9.6 Resting Membrane Properties
- 5.9.7 Voltage-Gated Channels in Inhibitory Interneurons
- References
- Chapter 6 Synaptic Function
- 6.1 Overview
- 6.2 General Features of Synaptic Transmission: Structure
- 6.2.1 Transmitter Release and Diffusion
- 6.2.2 Receptors and Receptor Activation
- 6.2.3 Quantal Transmission
- 6.2.4 Short-term Plasticity
- 6.3 Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission
- 6.3.1 AMPA Receptors
- 6.3.2 Kainate Receptors
- 6.3.3 NMDA Receptors
- 6.3.4 Co-localization of Glutamate Receptors
- 6.3.5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
- 6.3.6 Receptor Targeting and Anchoring
- 6.4 GABAergic Synaptic Transmission
- 6.4.1 GABA[Sub(A)] Receptors
- 6.4.2 GABA[Sub(B)] Receptors
- 6.5 Other Neurotransmitters
- 6.6 Special Features of Individual Hippocampal Synapses
- 6.6.1 Small Excitatory Spine Synapses
- 6.6.2 Mossy Fiber Synapses
- 6.6.3 Other Glutamatergic Synapses on Interneurons
- 6.6.4 Inhibitory Synapses
- 6.7 Unresolved Issues
- References
- Chapter 7 Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Function in the Hippocampus: Neurotransmitter Exocytosis and Glutamatergic, GABAergic, and Cholinergic Transmission
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.2 Neurotransmitter Exocytosis
- 7.2.1 Introduction: Proteins Involved in Synaptic Release
- 7.2.2 Reserve Pool of Synaptic Vesicles
- 7.2.3 Synaptic Vesicle Docking and Priming at the Active Zone: Role of the SNARE Complex, Munc18, and Munc13
- 7.2.4 Ca[Sup(2+)] -triggered Synaptic Release: Role of Synaptotagmin
- 7.2.5 Ca[Sup(2+)] -triggered Synaptic Release: Role of Rab3A and RIM1
- 7.2.6 NSF-mediated Disassembly of the SNARE Complex
- 7.2.7 Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis, Recycling, and Refilling
- 7.3 Glutamate Receptors: Structure, Function, and Hippocampal Distribution
- 7.3.1 Introduction: Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors
- 7.3.2 AMPA Receptors
- 7.3.3 NMDA Receptors
- 7.3.4 Kainate Receptors
- 7.3.5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
- 7.4 Trafficking of Glutamate Receptors and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity
- 7.4.1 Synaptic Transport of AMPA Receptors in LTP and LTD
- 7.4.2 NMDA Receptor-associated Cytoskeletal and Signaling Proteins
- 7.4.3 Proteins Regulating Transport and Function of mGluRs
- 7.5 Glutamate Receptor Mutant Mice: Genetic Analysis of Hippocampal Function
- 7.5.1 Introduction: Building of Hippocampus-speci Genetic Models
- 7.5.2 NMDA Receptor Mutant Mice
- 7.5.3 AMPA Receptor Mutant Mice
- 7.5.4 Kainate Receptor Mutant Mice
- 7.5.5 mGluR Mutant Mice
- 7.5.6 Synopsis of the Section
- 7.6 GABAergic Receptors: Structure, Function, and Hippocampal Distribution
- 7.6.1 Introduction: Synaptic and Extrasynaptic GABAergic Receptors Mediate Tonic and Phasic Inhibition in the Hippocampus
- 7.6.2 GABA[Sub(A)] Receptors
- 7.6.3 GABA[Sub(B)] Receptors
- 7.7 Trafficking of GABA Receptors and Hippocampal Synaptic Function
- 7.7.1 Role of Gephyrin in GABA[Sub(A)] Receptor Localization
- 7.7.2 Role of Dystrophin-associated Protein Complex in GABA[Sub(A)] Receptor Function
- 7.7.3 Plasticity of GABA[Sub(A)] Receptor Expression at Hippocampal Synapses
- 7.8 Genetic Analysis of GABA Receptor Function in the Hippocampus
- 7.8.1 GABA[Sub(A)] Receptor Mutant Mice
- 7.8.2 GABA[Sub(B)] Receptor Mutant Mice
- 7.9 Cholinergic Receptors
- 7.9.1 Introduction: Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors
- 7.9.2 Hippocampal Muscarinic Receptors
- 7.9.3 Hippocampal Nicotinic Receptors
- References
- Chapter 8 Local Circuits
- 8.1 Overview
- 8.1.1 Neuronal Classification Issues
- 8.1.2 Input Specificity of Extrinsic Afferents
- 8.1.3 Subcellular Domain Specificity in Hippocampal Circuits
- 8.1.4 Patterns of Local Circuit Connectivity
- 8.1.5 Circuit Specific Receptor Distribution
- 8.1.6 Convergence and Divergence
- 8.2 Dentate Gyrus
- 8.2.1 Inputs to the Dentate Gyrus
- 8.2.2 Granule Cell Projection to Area CA3
- 8.2.3 Granule Cell - Interneuron Connections
- 8.2.4 Interneuron - Granule Cell Connections
- 8.2.5 Granule Cell - Local Excitatory Neuron Connections
- 8.2.6 Interneuron - Interneuron Connections
- 8.3 Areas CA3 and CA1
- 8.3.1 Inputs to CA3 and CA1
- 8.3.2 Pyramidal Cell - Interneuron Connections
- 8.3.3 Interneuron - Pyramidal Cell Connections
- 8.3.4 Pyramid - Pyramid Local Connections
- 8.3.5 Interneuron - Interneuron Connections
- 8.3.6 Gap Junction Connections
- 8.4 Summary
- References
- Chapter 9 Structural Plasticity
- 9.1 Overview
- 9.2 Dendritic and Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampal Formation
- 9.2.1 Naturally Occurring Structural Plasticity
- 9.2.2 Hormones and Dendritic Architecture
- 9.2.3 Experience and Dendritic Architecture
- 9.2.4 Structural Plasticity Following Damage
- 9.2.5 Transplantation
- 9.3 Adult Neurogenesis
- 9.3.1 Turnover of Dentate Gyrus Granule Cells
- 9.3.2 Hormones and Adult Neurogenesis
- 9.3.3 Experience and Adult Neurogenesis
- 9.3.4 Neurogenesis Following Damage
- 9.3.5 Unusual Features of Adult-Generated Neurons
- 9.4 Possible Functions of New Neurons
- 9.4.1 A Possible Role in Learning?
- 9.4.2 A Possible Role in Endocrine Regulations?
- 9.4.3 A Possible Role in the Etiology and Treatment of Depression?
- References
- Chapter 10 Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus
- 10.1 Overview
- 10.1.1 LTP: The First Two Decades
- 10.2 Transient Activity-dependent Plasticity in Hippocampal Synapses
- 10.2.1 Short-term Activity-dependent Changes in Synaptic Efficacy in the Hippocampal Formation
- 10.2.2 Single Stimuli in Hippocampal Pathways Produce Two Transient Aftereffects: Facilitation and Depression
- 10.2.3 Post-tetanic Potentiation Is the Sum of Two Exponential Components: Augmentation and Potentiation
- 10.3 NMDA Receptor-dependent Long-term Potentiation: Properties and Determinants
- 10.3.1 Long-term Potentiation: Tetanic Stimulation Induces a Persistent Increase in Synaptic Efficacy
- 10.3.2 Time Course of LTP: Rapid Onset and Variable Duration
- 10.3.3 Three Distinct Temporal Components of Potentiation: STP, Early LTP, Late LTP
- 10.3.4 Input-Specificity of LTP: Potentiation Occurs Only at Active Synapses
- 10.3.5 Associativity: Induction of LTP Is Influenced by Activity at Other Synapses
- 10.3.6 Requirement for Tight Coincidence of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Activity Implies a Hebbian Induction Rule
- 10.3.7 Molecular Basis for the Hebbian Induction Rule: Voltage Dependence of the NMDA Receptor Explains Cooperativity, Input Specificity, and Associativity
- 10.3.8 Spike Timing-dependent Plasticity (STDP)
- 10.3.9 Ca[Sup(2+)] Signaling in LTP
- 10.3.10 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Contribute to Induction of NMDA Receptor-dependent LTP
- 10.3.11 Role of GABA Receptors in the Induction of NMDAR-dependent LTP
- 10.3.12 E-S Potentiation: A Component of LTP That Reflects Enhanced Coupling Between Synaptic Drive and Cell Firing
- 10.3.13 Metaplasticity: The Magnitude and Direction of Activity-dependent Changes in Synaptic Weight Are Influenced by Prior Activity
- 10.3.14 Synaptic Scaling and Long-term Changes in Intrinsic Excitability
- 10.4 NMDA Receptor-dependent LTP: Expression Mechanisms
- 10.4.1 From Induction to Expression of LTP
- 10.4.2 STP Is a Transient Presynaptic Form of Plasticity
- 10.4.3 Early LTP Involves Multiple Protein Kinasedependent Mechanisms
- 10.4.4 Site of Expression of Early LTP: Experimental Approaches
- 10.4.5 E-LTP: Presynaptic Mechanisms of Expression
- 10.4.6 E-LTP: Postsynaptic Mechanisms of Expression
- 10.4.7 Retrograde Signaling System Is Required for Communication Between the Postsynaptic Site of Induction and the Presynaptic Terminal
- 10.4.8 Membrane Spanning Molecules Contribute to Signaling Between Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Sides of the Synapse
- 10.4.9 Late LTP: Persistent Potentiation Requires Gene Transcription and Protein Synthesis
- 10.4.10 Structural Remodeling and Growth of Spines Can Be Stimulated by Induction of LTP
- 10.5 LTP at Mossy Fiber Synapses
- 10.5.1 Mossy Fiber Synapses Display Striking Short-term Plasticity
- 10.5.2 Basic Characteristics of NMDA Receptorindependent LTP at Mossy Fiber Synapses
- 10.5.3 Induction Mechanisms of Mossy Fiber LTP
- 10.5.4 Expression of Mossy Fiber LTP Is Presynaptic
- 10.5.5 E-LTP and L-LTP at Mossy Fiber Synapses Can Be Distinguished by the Effects of Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
- 10.5.6 Summary
- 10.6 LTP Can Be Modulated by Other Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and Effectors and by Endogenous and Circadian Rhythms
- 10.6.1 Modulation by Other Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
- 10.6.2 Cyclical Influences Modulate Induction of LTP
- 10.6.3 Neurogenesis and LTP
- 10.7 Long-term Depression and Depotentiation: Properties and Mechanisms
- 10.7.1 Overview
- 10.7.2 NMDAR-dependent LTD: Properties and Characteristics
- 10.7.3 NMDAR-dependent LTD: Induction Mechanisms
- 10.7.4 NMDAR-dependent LTD: Expression Mechanisms
- 10.7.5 mGluR-dependent LTD
- 10.7.6 Homosynaptic Depotentiation
- 10.7.7 Heterosynaptic LTD and Depotentiation: Activity in One Input Can Induce LTD in Another
- 10.7.8 LTD and Depotentiation at Mossy Fiber - CA3 Pyramidal Cell Synapse
- 10.8 Synaptic Plasticity and Inhibitory Pathways
- 10.8.1 LTP and LTD at Glutamatergic Synapses on Interneurons
- 10.8.2 LTP and LTD at GABAergic Synapses
- 10.9 LTP and LTD in Development and Aging and in Animal Models of Cognitive Dysfunction
- 10.9.1 Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity During Development
- 10.9.2 Synaptic Plasticity and the Aging Hippocampus
- 10.9.3 Animal Models of Cognitive Decline
- 10.10 Functional Implications of Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity
- 10.10.1 Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Hypothesis
- 10.10.2 Detectability: Is Learning Associated with the Induction of LTP?
- 10.10.3 Anterograde Alteration: Do Manipulations That Block the Induction or Expression of Synaptic Plasticity Impair Learning?
- 10.10.4 Retrograde Alteration: Does Further Induction or Reversal of LTP Cause Forgetting?
- 10.10.5 Mimicry
- 10.10.6 Synaptic Plasticity, Learning, and Memory: The Story So Far
- References
- Chapter 11 Hippocampal Neurophysiology in the Behaving Animal
- 11.1 Overview
- 11.2 Hippocampal Electroencephalogram Can Be Classified into Distinct Patterns, with Each Providing Information About an Aspect of Hippocampal Function
- 11.2.1 Hippocampal EEG Can Be Classified into Four Types of Rhythmical and Two Types of Nonrhythmical Activity
- 11.2.2 Each EEG Pattern Has Distinct Behavioral Correlates
- 11.3 Hippocampal Theta Activity
- 11.3.1 Hippocampal Theta Activity: Historical Overview
- 11.3.2 Hippocampal Theta Activity Is Comprised of Two Components, a-Theta, and t-Theta, Which Can Be Distinguished on the Basis of Behavioral Correlates and Pharmacology
- 11.3.3 Both Types of Theta Activity Are Dependent on the Medial Septal/DBB but Only t-Theta Is Dependent on the Entorhinal Cortex
- 11.3.4 t-Theta Occurs During Movement Through Space
- 11.3.5 a-Theta Occurs During Arousal and/or Attention as well as Movement
- 11.3.6 Theta and Sleep
- 11.3.7 Theta Activity in Nonhippocampal Areas
- 11.3.8 Does the Hippocampal EEG in Monkeys and Humans Have a Theta Mode?
- 11.3.9 Functions of Theta
- 11.4 Non-theta EEG Patterns in the Hippocampal EEG: LIA, SIA, Ripples, Beta, and Gamma
- 11.4.1 Sharp Waves, Ripples, and Single Units During Large Irregular Activity
- 11.4.2 Dentate EEG Spikes During LIA
- 11.4.3 Pharmacology of LIA
- 11.4.4 Behavioral Correlates and Functions of LIA
- 11.4.5 Small Irregular Activity
- 11.4.6 Beta/Gamma Activity in the Hippocampus
- 11.4.7 Olfactory Stimulation Can Elicit Hippocampal Gamma and Beta Waves
- 11.5 Single-cell Recording in the Hippocampal Formation Reveals Two Major Classes of Units: Principal Cells and Theta Cells
- 11.5.1 Distinctive Spatial Cells - Complex-spike Place Cells, Head-direction Cells, and Grid Cells - Are Found in Various Regions of the Hippocampal Formation
- 11.6 Theta Cells
- 11.6.1 Theta Cells Fire with a Consistent Phase Relation to EEG Theta
- 11.6.2 Pharmacology of Theta Cells
- 11.6.3 Hippocampal Theta Cells Have Behavioral Correlates Similar to Those of the Hippocampal EEG
- 11.7 Complex-spike Cells and Spatial Processing
- 11.7.1 Place Cells Signal the Animal's Location in an Environment
- 11.7.2 Basic Properties of Place Fields
- 11.7.3 Place Fields are Nondirectional in Unrestricted Open-field Environments but Directional When Behavior is Restricted to Routes
- 11.7.4 What Proportion of Complex-spike Cells Are Place Cells?
- 11.7.5 Frame of Reference of Place Fields
- 11.7.6 Place Fields Can Be Controlled by Exteroceptive Sensory Cues
- 11.7.7 Idiothetic Cues Can Control Place Fields
- 11.7.8 Are Place Cells Influenced by Goals, Rewards, or Punishments?
- 11.7.9 Temporal Patterns of Place Cell Firing
- 11.7.10 Place Fields in Young and Aged Animals
- 11.7.11 Hippocampal Place Cell Firing Is In.uenced by Other Areas of the Brain
- 11.7.12 Primate Hippocampal Units also Exhibit Spatial Responses
- 11.8 Place Cells Are Memory Cells
- 11.8.1 Hippocampal Place Cells "Remember" the Animal's Location for Several Minutes During a Spatial Working Memory Task
- 11.8.2 Place Field Plasticity During Unidirectional Locomotion
- 11.8.3 Cue Control over Hippocampal Place Cells Can Change as a Function of Experience
- 11.8.4 Control of the Angular Orientation of Place Cells in a Symmetrical Environment Can Be Altered by the Animal's Experience of Cue Instability
- 11.8.5 Complex-spike Cell Firing and Connectivity During Sleep Is Modulated by Prior Spatial Learning Experiences
- 11.8.6 NMDA Receptor Confers Mnemonic Properties on Place Cell Firing
- 11.8.7 Summary of Place Cell Plasticity
- 11.9 Head Direction Cells
- 11.9.1 Head Direction Cells are Controlled by Distal Sensory Cues
- 11.9.2 Angular Distance Between any Given Pair of Head Direction Cells Always Remains Constant
- 11.9.3 Head Direction Cells Can also Be Controlled by Idiothetic Cues
- 11.9.4 Head Direction Cells Are Found in Different Anatomically Connected Brain Areas
- 11.9.5 Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus of Gudden Provides Information About the Direction and Angular Velocity of the Animal's Head Rotation
- 11.10 Interactions Between Hippocampal Place Cells and Head Direction Cells
- 11.11 Hippocampal Complex-spike Cells Have Been Implicated in Nonspatial Perception and Learning
- 11.11.1 Hippocampal Cells Have Been Implicated in the Processing of Nonspatial Sensory Information
- 11.11.2 Hippocampal Unit Activity May Show Correlations with Different Aspects of Nonspatial Learning Tasks
- 11.11.3 Hippocampal Unit Activity During Aversive Classical Conditioning
- 11.11.4 Nictitating Membrane Conditioning in the Rabbit: Role of Theta
- 11.11.5 Single-unit Recording in the Hippocampus During Nictitating Membrane Conditioning of Rabbits
- 11.11.6 Hippocampal Unit Recording During Operant Tasks
- 11.11.7 Comparison of Hippocampal Cells During Operant Conditioning and Place Tasks in Rats
- 11.11.8 Hippocampal Units During Nonspatial Learning in Nonhuman Primates
- 11.11.9 Hippocampal Units During Nonspatial Learning in Humans
- 11.11.10 Conclusions
- 11.12 Other Distinctive Cells in the Hippocampal Formation and Related Areas
- 11.12.1 Subicular Region Has Fewer Place Cells than the Hippocampus Proper, and Their Properties Differ
- 11.12.2 Presubiculum Contains Several Classes of Spatial Cell
- 11.12.3 Parasubiculum
- 11.12.4 Spatial Cells in the Entorhinal Cortex
- 11.12.5 Cells in the Perirhinal Cortex Code for the Familiarity of Stimuli
- 11.12.6 Cells in the Medial Septum Are Theta Cells
- 11.12.7 Summary of Extrahippocampal Place Field Properties
- 11.13 Overall Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 12 Functional Role of the Human Hippocampus
- 12.1 Overview
- 12.2 Patient H.M.
- 12.3 Methods for Studying Human Hippocampal Function
- 12.3.1 Behavioral Tasks and Terms
- 12.3.2 Behavioral Measures
- 12.3.3 Anoxia and Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions
- 12.3.4 Depth Electrode Recordings
- 12.3.5 Neuroimaging
- 12.3.6 Technical Challenge: Alignment of MTL Regions Across Participants
- 12.4 Dissociating Hippocampal Function
- 12.4.1 Explicit Versus Implicit
- 12.4.2 Encoding Versus Retrieval
- 12.4.3 Time-limited Role in Declarative Memory
- 12.4.4 Spatial Memory
- 12.4.5 Associations, Recollections, Episodes, or Sources
- 12.5 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 13 Theories of Hippocampal Function
- 13.1 Overview
- 13.2 Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Interventional Techniques, and the Hippocampus
- 13.2.1 Value of Interventional Studies to Identify Function
- 13.2.2 Lesions, Functional Hypotheses, and Behavioral Tasks
- 13.2.3 Contemporary Lesion Techniques: Pharmacological and Genetic Interventions
- 13.2.4 Biological Continuity of Hippocampal Function
- 13.3. Declarative Memory Theory
- 13.3.1 Outline of the Theory
- 13.3.2 Development of a Primate Model of Amnesia
- 13.3.3 Domains of Preserved Learning Following Medial Temporal Lobe Lesions in Primates
- 13.3.4 Selective Lesions of Distinct Components of the Medial-temporal Lobe Reveal Heterogeneity of Function
- 13.3.5 Remote Memory, Retrograde Amnesia, and the Time Course of Memory Consolidation in Primates
- 13.3.6 Critique
- 13.4 Hippocampus and Space: Cognitive Map Theory of Hippocampal Function
- 13.4.1 Outline of the Theory
- 13.4.2 Representing Spatial Information, Locale Processing, and the Hippocampal Formation
- 13.4.3 Using Spatial Information: Spatial Navigation and the Hippocampal Formation
- 13.4.4 Comparative Studies of Spatial Memory and the Distinction Between Spatial and Associative Learning
- 13.4.5 Storage and Consolidation of Spatial Memory
- 13.4.6 Critique
- 13.5 Predictable Ambiguity: Con.gural, Relational, and Contextual Theories of Hippocampal Function
- 13.5.1 Configural Association Theory
- 13.5.2 Relational Processing Theory: Refinement of the Declarative Memory Theory
- 13.5.3 Contextual Encoding and Retrieval
- 13.5.4. Critique
- 13.6 Episodic Memory, Hippocampus, and Neurobiology of Rapid Context-specific Memory
- 13.6.1 Concept of Episodic Memory
- 13.6.2 Scene Memory as a Basis for Episodic Memory and Top-down Control by the Prefrontal Cortex
- 13.6.3 What, Where, and When: Studies of Food-caching and Sequence Learning
- 13.6.4 Problem of Awareness
- 13.6.5 Elements of a Neurobiological Theory of the Role of the Hippocampus in Episodic-like Memory
- References
- Chapter 14 Computational Models of the Spatial and Mnemonic Functions of the Hippocampus
- 14.1 Overview
- 14.2 Introduction
- 14.3 Hippocampus and Spatial Representation
- 14.3.1 Representing Spatial Location and Orientation: Data
- 14.3.2 Representing Spatial Location: Feedforward Models
- 14.3.3 Representing Spatial Location and Orientation: Feedback Models
- 14.3.4 Modeling Phase Coding in Place Cells
- 14.4 Hippocampus and Spatial Navigation
- 14.4.1 Spatial Navigation: Data
- 14.4.2 Spatial Navigation: Feedforward Models
- 14.4.3 Spatial Navigation: Feedback Models
- 14.5 Hippocampus and Associative or Episodic Memory
- 14.5.1 Hippocampus and Memory: Data
- 14.5.2 Marr's Hippocampo-neocortical Model of Long-term Memory
- 14.5.3 Associative Memory and the Hippocampus
- 14.5.4 Hippocampal Representation, Context, and Novelty
- 14.5.5 Consolidation and Cross-modal Binding of Events in Memory
- 14.5.6 Hippocampal Contributions to Various Types of Memory and Retrieval
- 14.6 Reconciling the Hippocampal Roles in Memory and Space
- 14.7 Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 15 Stress and the Hippocampus
- 15.1 Overview
- 15.2 Glucocorticoid Receptors and Hippocampal Function
- 15.2.1 Glucocorticoid Receptors Are Present in the Animal and Human Hippocampus
- 15.2.2 There is an Inverted U-Shape Function Between Level of Stress and Memory
- 15.2.3 Stress Modulates Intrinsic Hippocampal Excitability and Activity-dependent Synaptic Plasticity Associated with Learning and Memory
- 15.3 Stress and Hippocampal Structure
- 15.3.1 Chronic Exposure to High Levels of Stress or Stress Hormones Is Associated with Structural Changes in the Hippocampus
- 15.3.2 Stress or Stress Hormones Can Impair Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus
- 15.3.3 Fetal Programming of GC Regulation
- 15.4 Other Higher Brain Structures Implicated in Stress and Their Interaction with the Hippocampus
- 15.5 How the Hippocampus Orchestrates Behavioral Responses to Arousing Aversive Experiences
- References
- Chapter 16 Hippocampus and Human Disease
- 16.1 Overview
- 16.2 Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Hippocampal Sclerosis
- 16.2.1 Introduction
- 16.2.2 Clinical Features
- 16.2.3 Etiology
- 16.2.4 Pathophysiology
- 16.2.5 Conclusion
- 16.3 Alzheimer's Disease
- 16.3.1 Introduction
- 16.3.2 Clinical Features
- 16.3.3 Genetics
- 16.3.4 Pathophysiology
- 16.3.5 Treatment Options
- References
- Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z
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