The Hippocampus Book

Name: The Hippocampus Book
Brand: OUP eBook
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Per Andersen Richard Morris David Amaral Tim Bliss John O'Keefe(Editor)

OUP eBook (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 2. November 2006

853 pages

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Content

Intro
Contents
Chapter 1 The Hippocampal Formation
1.1 Overview
1.2 Why Study the Hippocampal Formation on its Own?
1.3 Defining the Contemporary Era
1.4 Organization and Content of the Book
Chapter 2 Historical Perspective: Proposed Functions, Biological Characteristics, and Neurobiological Models of the Hippocampus
2.1 Overview
2.2 The Dawn of Hippocampal Studies
2.2.1 A Famous Dispute About the Significance of the Hippocampus
2.3 Early Ideas About Hippocampal Function
2.3.1 The Hippocampal Formation and Olfactory Function
2.3.2 The Hippocampal Formation and Emotion
2.3.3 The Hippocampal Formation and Attention Control
2.3.4 The Hippocampal Formation and Memory
2.3.5 More Direct Evidence for Hippocampal Involvement in Memory
2.3.6 The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map
2.3.7 Conclusions
2.4 Special Features of Hippocampal Anatomy and Neurobiology
2.4.1 Early Neuroanatomical Studies of the Hippocampus
2.4.2 New Fiber Tracing Methods
2.4.3 New Anatomical Techniques that Revolutionized Connectivity Studies
2.4.4 Predominantly Unidirectional Connectivity Between Cortical Strips
2.4.5 New Tracing Studies Using Axonal Transport
2.4.6 Electron Microscopy Offers New Opportunities
2.4.7 Hippocampal Synapses Are Highly Plastic: Early Studies of Sprouting
2.4.8 Hippocampal Neurons: Transplantable with Retention of Many Basic Properties
2.4.9 Hippocampal Cells Grow Well in Culture
2.4.10 Development of Hippocampal Slices: From Seahorse to Workhorse
2.5 Several Neurophysiological Principles Have Been Discovered in Hippocampal Studies
2.5.1 Identification of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
2.5.2 Gray Type 2 Synapses are Inhibitory and are Located on the Soma of Pyramidal and Granule Cells
2.5.3 Gray Type 1 Synapses are Excitatory and are Located on Dendritic Spines
2.5.4 Long-lasting Alterations of Synaptic Efficiency After Physiological Stimulation
2.5.5 Hippocampal Systems: Exhibiting Several Types of Oscillatory Behavior
2.5.6 Studies of Epileptiform Behavior
2.6 Development of Methodological Procedures for General Use
2.6.1 Hippocampus as a Test Bed for Microelectrode Work
2.6.2 Pioneers of Intracellular Recording
2.6.3 Tetrode Development
2.6.4 Field Potential Analysis
2.6.5 Histochemistry: Pioneered in the Hippocampus
2.6.6 Pharmacological Analysis of Cellular Properties
2.6.7 Development of Computational Models of Neural Networks
2.6.8 The Hippocampal Formation: A Test Bed for Several Types of Neural Dysfunction and Neuropathology
References
Chapter 3 Hippocampal Neuroanatomy
3.1 Overview
3.1.1 Hippocampus: Part of a Functional Brain System Called the Hippocampal Formation
3.1.2 Similarities and Differences Between the Hippocampal Formation and other Cortical Areas
3.1.3 Hippocampal Formation: With A Unique Set of Unidirectional, Excitatory Pathways
3.1.4 Hippocampus of Humans and Animals: Same or Different?
3.1.5 Synopsis of the Chapter
3.2 Historical Overview of Hippocampal Nomenclature - What's in a Name?
3.2.1 Definition of Hippocampal Areas: Definition of Terms
3.2.2 Subdivision of Hippocampal Areas
3.2.3 Major Fiber Bundles of the Hippocampal Formation
3.3 Three-dimensional Organization and Major Fiber Systems of the Hippocampal Formation
3.3.1 Rat Hippocampal Formation
3.3.2 Major Fiber Systems of the Rat Hippocampal Formation
3.3.3 Monkey Hippocampal Formation
3.3.4 Human Hippocampal Formation
3.4 Neuroanatomy of the Rat Hippocampal Formation
3.4.1 Dentate Gyrus
3.4.2 Hippocampus
3.4.3 Subiculum
3.4.4 Presubiculum and Parasubiculum
3.4.5 Entorhinal Cortex
3.5 Chemical Neuroanatomy
3.5.1 Transmitters and Receptors
3.5.2 Steroids
3.6 Comparative Neuroanatomy of the Rat, Monkey, and Human Hippocampal Formation
3.6.1 Neuron Numbers
3.6.2 Comparison of Rat and Monkey Hippocampal Formation
3.6.3 Comparison of Monkey and Human Hippocampal Formation
3.7 Principles of Hippocampal Connectivity and Implications for Information Processing
3.7.1 Highly Distributed Three-Dimensional Network of Intrinsic Connections
3.7.2 Functional Implications of the Septotemporal Topography of Connections
3.7.3 Functional Implications of the Transverse Topography of Connections
3.7.4 Serial and Parallel Processing in the Hippocampal Formation
3.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Morphological Development of the Hippocampus
4.1 Overview
4.2 Neurogenesis and Cell Migration
4.2.1 Pyramidal Neurons
4.2.2 Granule Cells
4.2.3 Local Circuit Neurons and Hilar Neurons
4.2.4 Determinants of Neuronal Migration in the Hippocampus
4.3 Development of Hippocampal Connections
4.3.1 Entorhinal Connections
4.3.2 Commissural Connections
4.3.3 Septal Connections
4.3.4 General Principles Underlying the Formation of Synaptic Connections in the Hippocampus
4.4 Development of the Primate Hippocampal Formation
4.4.1 Neurogenesis
4.4.2 Neuronal Differentiation
References
Chapter 5 Structural and Functional Properties of Hippocampal Neurons
5.1 Overview
5.2 CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
5.2.1 Dendritic Morphology
5.2.2 Dendritic Spines and Synapses
5.2.3 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs
5.2.4 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
5.2.5 Resting Potential and Action Potential Firing Properties
5.2.6 Resting Membrane Properties
5.2.7 Implications for Voltage-Clamp Experiments in CA1 Neurons
5.2.8 Attenuation of Synaptic Potentials in CA1 Dendrites
5.2.9 Mechanisms of Compensation for Synaptic Attenuation in CA1 Dendrites
5.2.10 Pyramidal Neuron Function: Passive Versus Active Dendrites
5.2.11 Dendritic Excitability and Voltage-Gated Channels in CA1 Neurons
5.2.12 Sources of CA[Sup(2+)] Elevation in CA1 Pyramidal Neuron Dendrites
5.2.13 Distribution of Voltage-Gated Channels in the Dendrites of CA1 Neurons
5.2.14 Functional Implications of Voltage-Gated Channels in CA1 Dendrites: Synaptic Integration and Plasticity
5.2.15 General Lessons Regarding Pyramidal Neuron Function
5.3 CA3 Pyramidal Neurons
5.3.1 Dendritic Morphology
5.3.2 Dendritic Spines and Synapses
5.3.3 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs
5.3.4 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
5.3.5 Resting Potential and Action Potential Firing Properties
5.3.6 Resting Membrane Properties
5.3.7 Active Properties of CA3 Dendrites
5.4 Subicular Pyramidal Neurons
5.4.1 Dendritic Morphology
5.4.2 Dendritic Spines and Synaptic Inputs
5.4.3 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
5.4.4 Resting and Active Properties
5.4.5 Mechanisms of Bursting
5.4.6 Membrane Potential Oscillations
5.5 Dentate Granule Neurons
5.5.1 Dendritic Morphology and Spines
5.5.2 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs
5.5.3 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
5.5.4 Resting Potential and Action Potential Firing Properties
5.5.5 Resting Membrane Properties
5.5.6 Active Properties of Granule Cells
5.6 Mossy Cells in the Hilus
5.6.1 Dendritic Morphology and Spines
5.6.2 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Inputs
5.6.3 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
5.6.4 Resting and Active Properties
5.6.5 Other Spiny Neurons in the Hilus
5.7 Pyramidal and Nonpyramidal Neurons of Entorhinal Cortex
5.7.1 Stellate Cells of Layer II
5.7.2 Pyramidal Cells of Layer II
5.7.3 Pyramidal Cells of Layer III
5.7.4 Pyramidal Cells of Deep Layers
5.8 Pyramidal and Nonpyramidal Neurons of Presubiculum and Parasubiculum
5.9 Local Circuit Inhibitory Interneurons
5.9.1 Understanding Interneuron Diversity
5.9.2 Dendritic Morphology
5.9.3 Dendritic Spines
5.9.4 Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
5.9.5 Axon Morphology and Synaptic Targets
5.9.6 Resting Membrane Properties
5.9.7 Voltage-Gated Channels in Inhibitory Interneurons
References
Chapter 6 Synaptic Function
6.1 Overview
6.2 General Features of Synaptic Transmission: Structure
6.2.1 Transmitter Release and Diffusion
6.2.2 Receptors and Receptor Activation
6.2.3 Quantal Transmission
6.2.4 Short-term Plasticity
6.3 Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission
6.3.1 AMPA Receptors
6.3.2 Kainate Receptors
6.3.3 NMDA Receptors
6.3.4 Co-localization of Glutamate Receptors
6.3.5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
6.3.6 Receptor Targeting and Anchoring
6.4 GABAergic Synaptic Transmission
6.4.1 GABA[Sub(A)] Receptors
6.4.2 GABA[Sub(B)] Receptors
6.5 Other Neurotransmitters
6.6 Special Features of Individual Hippocampal Synapses
6.6.1 Small Excitatory Spine Synapses
6.6.2 Mossy Fiber Synapses
6.6.3 Other Glutamatergic Synapses on Interneurons
6.6.4 Inhibitory Synapses
6.7 Unresolved Issues
References
Chapter 7 Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptic Function in the Hippocampus: Neurotransmitter Exocytosis and Glutamatergic, GABAergic, and Cholinergic Transmission
7.1 Overview
7.2 Neurotransmitter Exocytosis
7.2.1 Introduction: Proteins Involved in Synaptic Release
7.2.2 Reserve Pool of Synaptic Vesicles
7.2.3 Synaptic Vesicle Docking and Priming at the Active Zone: Role of the SNARE Complex, Munc18, and Munc13
7.2.4 Ca[Sup(2+)] -triggered Synaptic Release: Role of Synaptotagmin
7.2.5 Ca[Sup(2+)] -triggered Synaptic Release: Role of Rab3A and RIM1
7.2.6 NSF-mediated Disassembly of the SNARE Complex
7.2.7 Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis, Recycling, and Refilling
7.3 Glutamate Receptors: Structure, Function, and Hippocampal Distribution
7.3.1 Introduction: Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors
7.3.2 AMPA Receptors
7.3.3 NMDA Receptors
7.3.4 Kainate Receptors
7.3.5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
7.4 Trafficking of Glutamate Receptors and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity
7.4.1 Synaptic Transport of AMPA Receptors in LTP and LTD
7.4.2 NMDA Receptor-associated Cytoskeletal and Signaling Proteins
7.4.3 Proteins Regulating Transport and Function of mGluRs
7.5 Glutamate Receptor Mutant Mice: Genetic Analysis of Hippocampal Function
7.5.1 Introduction: Building of Hippocampus-speci Genetic Models
7.5.2 NMDA Receptor Mutant Mice
7.5.3 AMPA Receptor Mutant Mice
7.5.4 Kainate Receptor Mutant Mice
7.5.5 mGluR Mutant Mice
7.5.6 Synopsis of the Section
7.6 GABAergic Receptors: Structure, Function, and Hippocampal Distribution
7.6.1 Introduction: Synaptic and Extrasynaptic GABAergic Receptors Mediate Tonic and Phasic Inhibition in the Hippocampus
7.6.2 GABA[Sub(A)] Receptors
7.6.3 GABA[Sub(B)] Receptors
7.7 Trafficking of GABA Receptors and Hippocampal Synaptic Function
7.7.1 Role of Gephyrin in GABA[Sub(A)] Receptor Localization
7.7.2 Role of Dystrophin-associated Protein Complex in GABA[Sub(A)] Receptor Function
7.7.3 Plasticity of GABA[Sub(A)] Receptor Expression at Hippocampal Synapses
7.8 Genetic Analysis of GABA Receptor Function in the Hippocampus
7.8.1 GABA[Sub(A)] Receptor Mutant Mice
7.8.2 GABA[Sub(B)] Receptor Mutant Mice
7.9 Cholinergic Receptors
7.9.1 Introduction: Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors
7.9.2 Hippocampal Muscarinic Receptors
7.9.3 Hippocampal Nicotinic Receptors
References
Chapter 8 Local Circuits
8.1 Overview
8.1.1 Neuronal Classification Issues
8.1.2 Input Specificity of Extrinsic Afferents
8.1.3 Subcellular Domain Specificity in Hippocampal Circuits
8.1.4 Patterns of Local Circuit Connectivity
8.1.5 Circuit Specific Receptor Distribution
8.1.6 Convergence and Divergence
8.2 Dentate Gyrus
8.2.1 Inputs to the Dentate Gyrus
8.2.2 Granule Cell Projection to Area CA3
8.2.3 Granule Cell - Interneuron Connections
8.2.4 Interneuron - Granule Cell Connections
8.2.5 Granule Cell - Local Excitatory Neuron Connections
8.2.6 Interneuron - Interneuron Connections
8.3 Areas CA3 and CA1
8.3.1 Inputs to CA3 and CA1
8.3.2 Pyramidal Cell - Interneuron Connections
8.3.3 Interneuron - Pyramidal Cell Connections
8.3.4 Pyramid - Pyramid Local Connections
8.3.5 Interneuron - Interneuron Connections
8.3.6 Gap Junction Connections
8.4 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Structural Plasticity
9.1 Overview
9.2 Dendritic and Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampal Formation
9.2.1 Naturally Occurring Structural Plasticity
9.2.2 Hormones and Dendritic Architecture
9.2.3 Experience and Dendritic Architecture
9.2.4 Structural Plasticity Following Damage
9.2.5 Transplantation
9.3 Adult Neurogenesis
9.3.1 Turnover of Dentate Gyrus Granule Cells
9.3.2 Hormones and Adult Neurogenesis
9.3.3 Experience and Adult Neurogenesis
9.3.4 Neurogenesis Following Damage
9.3.5 Unusual Features of Adult-Generated Neurons
9.4 Possible Functions of New Neurons
9.4.1 A Possible Role in Learning?
9.4.2 A Possible Role in Endocrine Regulations?
9.4.3 A Possible Role in the Etiology and Treatment of Depression?
References
Chapter 10 Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus
10.1 Overview
10.1.1 LTP: The First Two Decades
10.2 Transient Activity-dependent Plasticity in Hippocampal Synapses
10.2.1 Short-term Activity-dependent Changes in Synaptic Efficacy in the Hippocampal Formation
10.2.2 Single Stimuli in Hippocampal Pathways Produce Two Transient Aftereffects: Facilitation and Depression
10.2.3 Post-tetanic Potentiation Is the Sum of Two Exponential Components: Augmentation and Potentiation
10.3 NMDA Receptor-dependent Long-term Potentiation: Properties and Determinants
10.3.1 Long-term Potentiation: Tetanic Stimulation Induces a Persistent Increase in Synaptic Efficacy
10.3.2 Time Course of LTP: Rapid Onset and Variable Duration
10.3.3 Three Distinct Temporal Components of Potentiation: STP, Early LTP, Late LTP
10.3.4 Input-Specificity of LTP: Potentiation Occurs Only at Active Synapses
10.3.5 Associativity: Induction of LTP Is Influenced by Activity at Other Synapses
10.3.6 Requirement for Tight Coincidence of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Activity Implies a Hebbian Induction Rule
10.3.7 Molecular Basis for the Hebbian Induction Rule: Voltage Dependence of the NMDA Receptor Explains Cooperativity, Input Specificity, and Associativity
10.3.8 Spike Timing-dependent Plasticity (STDP)
10.3.9 Ca[Sup(2+)] Signaling in LTP
10.3.10 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Contribute to Induction of NMDA Receptor-dependent LTP
10.3.11 Role of GABA Receptors in the Induction of NMDAR-dependent LTP
10.3.12 E-S Potentiation: A Component of LTP That Reflects Enhanced Coupling Between Synaptic Drive and Cell Firing
10.3.13 Metaplasticity: The Magnitude and Direction of Activity-dependent Changes in Synaptic Weight Are Influenced by Prior Activity
10.3.14 Synaptic Scaling and Long-term Changes in Intrinsic Excitability
10.4 NMDA Receptor-dependent LTP: Expression Mechanisms
10.4.1 From Induction to Expression of LTP
10.4.2 STP Is a Transient Presynaptic Form of Plasticity
10.4.3 Early LTP Involves Multiple Protein Kinasedependent Mechanisms
10.4.4 Site of Expression of Early LTP: Experimental Approaches
10.4.5 E-LTP: Presynaptic Mechanisms of Expression
10.4.6 E-LTP: Postsynaptic Mechanisms of Expression
10.4.7 Retrograde Signaling System Is Required for Communication Between the Postsynaptic Site of Induction and the Presynaptic Terminal
10.4.8 Membrane Spanning Molecules Contribute to Signaling Between Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Sides of the Synapse
10.4.9 Late LTP: Persistent Potentiation Requires Gene Transcription and Protein Synthesis
10.4.10 Structural Remodeling and Growth of Spines Can Be Stimulated by Induction of LTP
10.5 LTP at Mossy Fiber Synapses
10.5.1 Mossy Fiber Synapses Display Striking Short-term Plasticity
10.5.2 Basic Characteristics of NMDA Receptorindependent LTP at Mossy Fiber Synapses
10.5.3 Induction Mechanisms of Mossy Fiber LTP
10.5.4 Expression of Mossy Fiber LTP Is Presynaptic
10.5.5 E-LTP and L-LTP at Mossy Fiber Synapses Can Be Distinguished by the Effects of Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
10.5.6 Summary
10.6 LTP Can Be Modulated by Other Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators, and Effectors and by Endogenous and Circadian Rhythms
10.6.1 Modulation by Other Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
10.6.2 Cyclical Influences Modulate Induction of LTP
10.6.3 Neurogenesis and LTP
10.7 Long-term Depression and Depotentiation: Properties and Mechanisms
10.7.1 Overview
10.7.2 NMDAR-dependent LTD: Properties and Characteristics
10.7.3 NMDAR-dependent LTD: Induction Mechanisms
10.7.4 NMDAR-dependent LTD: Expression Mechanisms
10.7.5 mGluR-dependent LTD
10.7.6 Homosynaptic Depotentiation
10.7.7 Heterosynaptic LTD and Depotentiation: Activity in One Input Can Induce LTD in Another
10.7.8 LTD and Depotentiation at Mossy Fiber - CA3 Pyramidal Cell Synapse
10.8 Synaptic Plasticity and Inhibitory Pathways
10.8.1 LTP and LTD at Glutamatergic Synapses on Interneurons
10.8.2 LTP and LTD at GABAergic Synapses
10.9 LTP and LTD in Development and Aging and in Animal Models of Cognitive Dysfunction
10.9.1 Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity During Development
10.9.2 Synaptic Plasticity and the Aging Hippocampus
10.9.3 Animal Models of Cognitive Decline
10.10 Functional Implications of Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity
10.10.1 Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Hypothesis
10.10.2 Detectability: Is Learning Associated with the Induction of LTP?
10.10.3 Anterograde Alteration: Do Manipulations That Block the Induction or Expression of Synaptic Plasticity Impair Learning?
10.10.4 Retrograde Alteration: Does Further Induction or Reversal of LTP Cause Forgetting?
10.10.5 Mimicry
10.10.6 Synaptic Plasticity, Learning, and Memory: The Story So Far
References
Chapter 11 Hippocampal Neurophysiology in the Behaving Animal
11.1 Overview
11.2 Hippocampal Electroencephalogram Can Be Classified into Distinct Patterns, with Each Providing Information About an Aspect of Hippocampal Function
11.2.1 Hippocampal EEG Can Be Classified into Four Types of Rhythmical and Two Types of Nonrhythmical Activity
11.2.2 Each EEG Pattern Has Distinct Behavioral Correlates
11.3 Hippocampal Theta Activity
11.3.1 Hippocampal Theta Activity: Historical Overview
11.3.2 Hippocampal Theta Activity Is Comprised of Two Components, a-Theta, and t-Theta, Which Can Be Distinguished on the Basis of Behavioral Correlates and Pharmacology
11.3.3 Both Types of Theta Activity Are Dependent on the Medial Septal/DBB but Only t-Theta Is Dependent on the Entorhinal Cortex
11.3.4 t-Theta Occurs During Movement Through Space
11.3.5 a-Theta Occurs During Arousal and/or Attention as well as Movement
11.3.6 Theta and Sleep
11.3.7 Theta Activity in Nonhippocampal Areas
11.3.8 Does the Hippocampal EEG in Monkeys and Humans Have a Theta Mode?
11.3.9 Functions of Theta
11.4 Non-theta EEG Patterns in the Hippocampal EEG: LIA, SIA, Ripples, Beta, and Gamma
11.4.1 Sharp Waves, Ripples, and Single Units During Large Irregular Activity
11.4.2 Dentate EEG Spikes During LIA
11.4.3 Pharmacology of LIA
11.4.4 Behavioral Correlates and Functions of LIA
11.4.5 Small Irregular Activity
11.4.6 Beta/Gamma Activity in the Hippocampus
11.4.7 Olfactory Stimulation Can Elicit Hippocampal Gamma and Beta Waves
11.5 Single-cell Recording in the Hippocampal Formation Reveals Two Major Classes of Units: Principal Cells and Theta Cells
11.5.1 Distinctive Spatial Cells - Complex-spike Place Cells, Head-direction Cells, and Grid Cells - Are Found in Various Regions of the Hippocampal Formation
11.6 Theta Cells
11.6.1 Theta Cells Fire with a Consistent Phase Relation to EEG Theta
11.6.2 Pharmacology of Theta Cells
11.6.3 Hippocampal Theta Cells Have Behavioral Correlates Similar to Those of the Hippocampal EEG
11.7 Complex-spike Cells and Spatial Processing
11.7.1 Place Cells Signal the Animal's Location in an Environment
11.7.2 Basic Properties of Place Fields
11.7.3 Place Fields are Nondirectional in Unrestricted Open-field Environments but Directional When Behavior is Restricted to Routes
11.7.4 What Proportion of Complex-spike Cells Are Place Cells?
11.7.5 Frame of Reference of Place Fields
11.7.6 Place Fields Can Be Controlled by Exteroceptive Sensory Cues
11.7.7 Idiothetic Cues Can Control Place Fields
11.7.8 Are Place Cells Influenced by Goals, Rewards, or Punishments?
11.7.9 Temporal Patterns of Place Cell Firing
11.7.10 Place Fields in Young and Aged Animals
11.7.11 Hippocampal Place Cell Firing Is In.uenced by Other Areas of the Brain
11.7.12 Primate Hippocampal Units also Exhibit Spatial Responses
11.8 Place Cells Are Memory Cells
11.8.1 Hippocampal Place Cells "Remember" the Animal's Location for Several Minutes During a Spatial Working Memory Task
11.8.2 Place Field Plasticity During Unidirectional Locomotion
11.8.3 Cue Control over Hippocampal Place Cells Can Change as a Function of Experience
11.8.4 Control of the Angular Orientation of Place Cells in a Symmetrical Environment Can Be Altered by the Animal's Experience of Cue Instability
11.8.5 Complex-spike Cell Firing and Connectivity During Sleep Is Modulated by Prior Spatial Learning Experiences
11.8.6 NMDA Receptor Confers Mnemonic Properties on Place Cell Firing
11.8.7 Summary of Place Cell Plasticity
11.9 Head Direction Cells
11.9.1 Head Direction Cells are Controlled by Distal Sensory Cues
11.9.2 Angular Distance Between any Given Pair of Head Direction Cells Always Remains Constant
11.9.3 Head Direction Cells Can also Be Controlled by Idiothetic Cues
11.9.4 Head Direction Cells Are Found in Different Anatomically Connected Brain Areas
11.9.5 Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus of Gudden Provides Information About the Direction and Angular Velocity of the Animal's Head Rotation
11.10 Interactions Between Hippocampal Place Cells and Head Direction Cells
11.11 Hippocampal Complex-spike Cells Have Been Implicated in Nonspatial Perception and Learning
11.11.1 Hippocampal Cells Have Been Implicated in the Processing of Nonspatial Sensory Information
11.11.2 Hippocampal Unit Activity May Show Correlations with Different Aspects of Nonspatial Learning Tasks
11.11.3 Hippocampal Unit Activity During Aversive Classical Conditioning
11.11.4 Nictitating Membrane Conditioning in the Rabbit: Role of Theta
11.11.5 Single-unit Recording in the Hippocampus During Nictitating Membrane Conditioning of Rabbits
11.11.6 Hippocampal Unit Recording During Operant Tasks
11.11.7 Comparison of Hippocampal Cells During Operant Conditioning and Place Tasks in Rats
11.11.8 Hippocampal Units During Nonspatial Learning in Nonhuman Primates
11.11.9 Hippocampal Units During Nonspatial Learning in Humans
11.11.10 Conclusions
11.12 Other Distinctive Cells in the Hippocampal Formation and Related Areas
11.12.1 Subicular Region Has Fewer Place Cells than the Hippocampus Proper, and Their Properties Differ
11.12.2 Presubiculum Contains Several Classes of Spatial Cell
11.12.3 Parasubiculum
11.12.4 Spatial Cells in the Entorhinal Cortex
11.12.5 Cells in the Perirhinal Cortex Code for the Familiarity of Stimuli
11.12.6 Cells in the Medial Septum Are Theta Cells
11.12.7 Summary of Extrahippocampal Place Field Properties
11.13 Overall Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Functional Role of the Human Hippocampus
12.1 Overview
12.2 Patient H.M.
12.3 Methods for Studying Human Hippocampal Function
12.3.1 Behavioral Tasks and Terms
12.3.2 Behavioral Measures
12.3.3 Anoxia and Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions
12.3.4 Depth Electrode Recordings
12.3.5 Neuroimaging
12.3.6 Technical Challenge: Alignment of MTL Regions Across Participants
12.4 Dissociating Hippocampal Function
12.4.1 Explicit Versus Implicit
12.4.2 Encoding Versus Retrieval
12.4.3 Time-limited Role in Declarative Memory
12.4.4 Spatial Memory
12.4.5 Associations, Recollections, Episodes, or Sources
12.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Theories of Hippocampal Function
13.1 Overview
13.2 Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Interventional Techniques, and the Hippocampus
13.2.1 Value of Interventional Studies to Identify Function
13.2.2 Lesions, Functional Hypotheses, and Behavioral Tasks
13.2.3 Contemporary Lesion Techniques: Pharmacological and Genetic Interventions
13.2.4 Biological Continuity of Hippocampal Function
13.3. Declarative Memory Theory
13.3.1 Outline of the Theory
13.3.2 Development of a Primate Model of Amnesia
13.3.3 Domains of Preserved Learning Following Medial Temporal Lobe Lesions in Primates
13.3.4 Selective Lesions of Distinct Components of the Medial-temporal Lobe Reveal Heterogeneity of Function
13.3.5 Remote Memory, Retrograde Amnesia, and the Time Course of Memory Consolidation in Primates
13.3.6 Critique
13.4 Hippocampus and Space: Cognitive Map Theory of Hippocampal Function
13.4.1 Outline of the Theory
13.4.2 Representing Spatial Information, Locale Processing, and the Hippocampal Formation
13.4.3 Using Spatial Information: Spatial Navigation and the Hippocampal Formation
13.4.4 Comparative Studies of Spatial Memory and the Distinction Between Spatial and Associative Learning
13.4.5 Storage and Consolidation of Spatial Memory
13.4.6 Critique
13.5 Predictable Ambiguity: Con.gural, Relational, and Contextual Theories of Hippocampal Function
13.5.1 Configural Association Theory
13.5.2 Relational Processing Theory: Refinement of the Declarative Memory Theory
13.5.3 Contextual Encoding and Retrieval
13.5.4. Critique
13.6 Episodic Memory, Hippocampus, and Neurobiology of Rapid Context-specific Memory
13.6.1 Concept of Episodic Memory
13.6.2 Scene Memory as a Basis for Episodic Memory and Top-down Control by the Prefrontal Cortex
13.6.3 What, Where, and When: Studies of Food-caching and Sequence Learning
13.6.4 Problem of Awareness
13.6.5 Elements of a Neurobiological Theory of the Role of the Hippocampus in Episodic-like Memory
References
Chapter 14 Computational Models of the Spatial and Mnemonic Functions of the Hippocampus
14.1 Overview
14.2 Introduction
14.3 Hippocampus and Spatial Representation
14.3.1 Representing Spatial Location and Orientation: Data
14.3.2 Representing Spatial Location: Feedforward Models
14.3.3 Representing Spatial Location and Orientation: Feedback Models
14.3.4 Modeling Phase Coding in Place Cells
14.4 Hippocampus and Spatial Navigation
14.4.1 Spatial Navigation: Data
14.4.2 Spatial Navigation: Feedforward Models
14.4.3 Spatial Navigation: Feedback Models
14.5 Hippocampus and Associative or Episodic Memory
14.5.1 Hippocampus and Memory: Data
14.5.2 Marr's Hippocampo-neocortical Model of Long-term Memory
14.5.3 Associative Memory and the Hippocampus
14.5.4 Hippocampal Representation, Context, and Novelty
14.5.5 Consolidation and Cross-modal Binding of Events in Memory
14.5.6 Hippocampal Contributions to Various Types of Memory and Retrieval
14.6 Reconciling the Hippocampal Roles in Memory and Space
14.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 Stress and the Hippocampus
15.1 Overview
15.2 Glucocorticoid Receptors and Hippocampal Function
15.2.1 Glucocorticoid Receptors Are Present in the Animal and Human Hippocampus
15.2.2 There is an Inverted U-Shape Function Between Level of Stress and Memory
15.2.3 Stress Modulates Intrinsic Hippocampal Excitability and Activity-dependent Synaptic Plasticity Associated with Learning and Memory
15.3 Stress and Hippocampal Structure
15.3.1 Chronic Exposure to High Levels of Stress or Stress Hormones Is Associated with Structural Changes in the Hippocampus
15.3.2 Stress or Stress Hormones Can Impair Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus
15.3.3 Fetal Programming of GC Regulation
15.4 Other Higher Brain Structures Implicated in Stress and Their Interaction with the Hippocampus
15.5 How the Hippocampus Orchestrates Behavioral Responses to Arousing Aversive Experiences
References
Chapter 16 Hippocampus and Human Disease
16.1 Overview
16.2 Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Hippocampal Sclerosis
16.2.1 Introduction
16.2.2 Clinical Features
16.2.3 Etiology
16.2.4 Pathophysiology
16.2.5 Conclusion
16.3 Alzheimer's Disease
16.3.1 Introduction
16.3.2 Clinical Features
16.3.3 Genetics
16.3.4 Pathophysiology
16.3.5 Treatment Options
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

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The Hippocampus Book

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