Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders
Description
The gold-standard structural design reference, completely revised and updated with an all-new look
Completely revised to reflect the latest standards and practices, Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders, 13th Edition, is the go-to reference on structural design, giving architects and contractors a concise introduction to the structures commonly used for typical buildings. It presents primary concepts and calculations for the preliminary dimensioning of principal elements within a building design, focused on key principles of quantitative analysis and design of structural members.
Structural design is an essential component of the architect's repertoire, and engineering principles are at the foundation of every sound structure. Architects need to understand the physics without excess math. This book covers fundamental concepts like forces, loading, and reactions, to teach how to estimate critical design loads and analyze for final proportions. It provides exactly what you need to quickly grasp the concepts and determine the best solutions to difficult design challenges.
The thirteenth edition of Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders includes:
- Increased page size for improved visibility and usability
- Newly revised wood, steel, and concrete construction sections allow easy comparison of the latest techniques and materials
- Accompanying instructor manual available online with background discussion, solutions to exercises, additional study materials, and self-tests
A leading reference for over 80 years, Simplified Engineering for Architects and Builders is the definitive guide to practical structural design, ideal for students in architecture, construction, building technology, and architectural engineering.
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Persons
JAMES E. AMBROSE (deceased), was an architect and structural engineer in California and Illinois. He was also a professor of architecture at the University of Southern California.
PATRICK TRIPENY, MS, is Director at the Center for Teaching and Learning Excellence; Director Emeritus at the School of Architecture; Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies; and Associate Professor at the University of Utah. He is the recipient of several teaching awards including the ACSA / AIAS New Faculty Teaching Award in 2001 and the University of Utah's Early Career Teaching Award in 2000-2001.
SHARON S. BAUM KUSKA, PHD, PE, LEED AP, is a Professor of Architecture and Associate Dean for Faculty and Academic Programs in the College of Architecture at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. She has been teaching courses in the College since 1986, with areas of interest including architectural structures, sustainable design, and women in design. With degrees in both architecture and engineering, Dr. Kuska is a licensed professional engineer and holds LEED AP certification. She was one of the DesignIntelligence 25 Most Admired Educators for 2016 and recipient of the College of Architecture Distinguished Teaching Award in 2021. She also co-authored Sustainometrics: Measuring Sustainability.
Content
Preface to the Thirteenth Edition ix
Preface to the First Edition xi
About the Companion Website xiii
Introduction xv
Part I Fundamental Functions of Structures 1
1 Investigation of Forces, Force Systems, Loading, and Reactions 3
1.1 Properties of Forces 3
1.2 Static Equilibrium 6
1.3 Force Components and Combinations 6
1.4 Graphical Analysis of Concurrent Force Systems 9
1.5 Algebraic Analysis of Nonconcurrent Force Systems 12
1.6 Laws of Equilibrium 14
1.7 Loads and Reactive Forces 16
1.8 Load Sources 19
1.9 Load Combinations 25
1.10 Determination of Design Loads 26
1.11 Design Methods 27
2 Investigation of Axial Force Actions 29
2.1 Forces and Stresses 29
2.2 Deformation 31
2.3 Thermal Effects in Axially Loaded Members 34
2.4 Suspension Cables 35
2.5 Funicular Arches 37
2.6 Graphical Analysis of Planar Trusses 40
2.7 Algebraic Analysis of Planar Trusses 45
2.8 Cable-Stayed Structures 48
2.9 Compression Members 50
3 Investigation of Structures for Shear and Bending 55
3.1 Direct Shear Stress 55
3.2 Shear in Beams 55
3.3 Bending Moments in Beams 58
3.4 Sense of Bending in Beams 62
3.5 Tabulated Values for Beam Behavior 67
3.6 Development of Bending Resistance 69
3.7 Shear Stress in Beams 72
3.8 Continuous and Restrained Beams 75
3.9 Members Experiencing Compression Plus Bending 85
3.10 Rigid Frames 91
3.11 Buckling of Beams 97
3.12 Second-Order Analysis 98
3.13 Computer Software for Structural Analysis 100
4 Structural Systems and Planning 101
4.1 General Considerations for Structural Systems 101
4.2 Shear Wall and Diaphragm Structural System 103
4.3 Braced Frame Systems 104
4.4 Moment Frame Systems 105
4.5 Wood Construction 106
4.6 Steel Construction 108
4.7 Concrete Construction 113
Part II Wood Construction 119
5 Wood Spanning Elements 121
5.1 Structural Lumber 121
5.2 Reference Design Values for Allowable Stress Design 122
5.3 Design for Bending 128
5.4 Beam Shear 130
5.5 Deflection 131
5.6 Bearing 133
5.7 Joists and Rafters 135
5.8 Decking for Roofs and Floors 137
5.9 Plywood 138
5.10 Glued-Laminated Products 140
5.11 Wood Fiber Products 141
5.12 Assembled Wood Structural Products 141
6 Wood Columns 145
6.1 Slenderness Ratio for Columns 145
6.2 Compression Capacity of Simple Solid Columns 145
6.3 Stud Wall Construction 151
6.4 Round Columns 152
6.5 Built-Up Columns 153
6.6 Spaced Columns 153
6.7 Columns with Bending 153
7 Connections for Wood Structures 159
7.1 Bolted Joints 159
7.2 Nailed Joints 160
7.3 Plywood Gussets 163
7.4 Formed Steel Framing Elements 163
Part III Steel Construction 167
8 Steel Structural Products 169
8.1 Design Methods for Steel Structures 169
8.2 Materials for Steel Products 170
8.3 Types of Steel Structural Products 172
9 Steel Beams and Framing Elements 177
9.1 Factors in Beam Design 177
9.2 Inelastic Versus Elastic Behavior 178
9.3 Nominal Moment Capacity of Steel Beams 182
9.4 Design for Bending 187
9.5 Design of Beams for Buckling Failure 190
9.6 Shear in Steel Beams 192
9.7 Deflection of Beams 196
9.8 Safe Load Tables 200
9.9 Concentrated Load Effects on Beams 204
9.10 Steel Trusses 205
9.11 Manufactured Trusses for Flat Spans 206
9.12 Decks with Steel Framing 211
10 Steel Columns and Frames 213
10.1 Column Shapes 213
10.2 Column Slenderness and End Conditions 213
10.3 Safe Axial Loads for Steel Columns 215
10.4 Design of Steel Columns 218
10.5 Columns with Bending 224
10.6 Column Framing and Connections 228
10.7 Column Base Plate Design 229
11 Bolted Connections for Steel Structures 233
11.1 Bolted Connections 233
11.2 Design of a Bolted Connection 240
11.3 Bolted Framing Connections 243
11.4 Bolted Truss Connections 245
12 Light-Gauge Formed Steel Structures 249
12.1 Light-Gauge Steel Products 249
12.2 Light-Gauge Steel Decks 249
12.3 Light-Gauge Steel Systems 252
Part IV Concrete Construction 255
13 Reinforced Concrete Structures 257
13.1 General Considerations 257
13.2 General Application of Strength Methods 261
13.3 Beams: Ultimate Strength Method 261
13.4 Beams in Site-Cast Systems 270
13.5 Spanning Slabs 280
13.6 Shear in Beams 283
13.7 Development Length for Reinforcement 293
13.8 Deflection Control 298
14 Flat-Spanning Concrete Systems 301
14.1 Slab-and-Beam Systems 301
14.2 General Considerations for Beams 306
15 Concrete Columns and Compression Members 309
15.1 Effects of Compression Force 309
15.2 General Considerations for Concrete Columns 311
15.3 Design Methods and Aids for Concrete Columns 317
15.4 Special Considerations for Concrete Columns 321
15.5 Vertical Concrete Compression Elements 323
16 Foundations 329
16.1 Shallow Bearing Foundations 329
16.2 Wall Footings 329
16.3 Column Footings 334
16.4 Pedestals 341
Part V Structural Systems for Buildings 343
17 General Considerations for Building Structures 345
17.1 Choice of Building Construction 345
17.2 Structural Design Standards 346
17.3 Structural Design Process 346
17.4 Development of Structural Systems 346
18 Building One 349
18.1 General Considerations 349
18.2 Design of the Wood Structure for Gravity Loads 349
18.3 Design for Lateral Loads 352
18.4 Alternative Steel and Masonry Structure 359
18.5 Alternative Truss Roof 364
18.6 Foundations 365
19 Building Two 367
19.1 Design for Gravity Loads 367
19.2 Design for Lateral Loads 370
19.3 Alternative Steel and Masonry Structure 371
20 Building Three 375
20.1 General Considerations 375
20.2 Structural Alternatives 378
20.3 Design of the Steel Structure 379
20.4 Alternative Floor Construction with Trusses 384
20.5 Design of the Trussed Bent for Wind 386
20.6 Considerations for a Steel Rigid Frame 390
20.7 Considerations for a Masonry Wall Structure 391
20.8 The Concrete Structure 394
20.9 Design of the Foundations 409
Appendix A: Properties of Sections 411
A.1 Centroids 411
A.2 Moment of Inertia 414
A.3 Transferring Moments of Inertia 416
A.4 Miscellaneous Properties 418
A.5 Tables of Properties of Sections 420
Glossary 429
References 435
Quick Reference to Useful Data 437
Index 439
INTRODUCTION
The principal purpose of this book is to develop the topic of structural design. However, to do the necessary work for design, use must be made of various methods of structural investigation. The work of investigation consists of the consideration of the tasks required of a structure and the evaluation of the responses of the structure in performing these tasks. Investigation may be performed in various ways, the principal ones being the use of modeling by either mathematics or the construction of physical models. For the designer, a major first step in any investigation is the visualization of the structure and the force actions to which it must respond. In this book, extensive use is made of graphic illustrations in order to encourage the reader in the development of the habit of first clearly seeing what is happening, before proceeding with the essentially abstract procedures of mathematical investigation. When working a problem within the book or in practice, the reader is encouraged to begin by drawing an illustration of the problem while identifying the key information that has been provided.
Structural Mechanics
The branch of physics called mechanics concerns the actions of forces on physical bodies. Most of engineering design and investigation is based on applications of the science of mechanics. Statics is the branch of mechanics that deals with bodies held in a state of unchanging motion by the balanced nature (called static equilibrium) of the forces acting on them. Dynamics is the branch of mechanics that concerns bodies in motion or in a process of change of shape due to actions of forces. A static condition is essentially unchanging with regard to time; a dynamic condition implies a time-dependent action and response.
When external forces act on a body, two things happen. First, internal forces that resist the actions of the external forces are set up in the body. These internal forces produce stresses in the material of the body. Second, the external forces produce deformations, or changes in shape, of the body. Strength of materials, or mechanics of materials, is the study of the properties of material bodies that enable them to resist the actions of external forces, of the stresses within the bodies, and of the deformations of bodies that result from external forces.
Taken together, the topics of applied mechanics and strength of materials are often given the overall designation of structural mechanics or structural analysis. This is the fundamental basis for structural investigation, which is essentially an analytical process. On the other hand, design is a progressive refining process in which a structure is first visualized; then it is investigated for required force responses and its performance is evaluated. Finally-possibly after several cycles of investigation and modification-an acceptable form is derived for the structure.
Units of Measurement
Early editions of this book used U.S. units (feet, inches, pounds, etc.) with equivalent SI (Standard International-aka metric) units in brackets for the basic presentation. In this edition, the basic work is developed with U.S. units only. While the building industry in the United States is now in the slow process of changing to SI units, our decision for the presentation here is a pragmatic one. Most of the references used for this book are still developed primarily in U.S. units and most readers educated in the United States use U.S. units as their first language, even if they now also use SI units.
Table I.1 lists the standard units of measurement in the U.S. system with the abbreviations used in this work and a description of common usage in structural design work. In similar form, Table I.2 gives the corresponding units in the SI system. Conversion factors to be used for shifting from one unit system to the other are given in Table I.3.
TABLE I.1 Units of Measurement: U.S. System
Name of Unit Abbreviation Use in Building Design Length Foot ft Large dimensions, building plans, beam spans Inch in. Small dimensions, size of member cross sections Area Square feet ft2 Large areas Square inches in.2 Small areas, properties of cross sections Volume Cubic yards yd3 Large volumes, of soil or concrete (commonly called simply "yards") Cubic feet ft3 Quantities of materials Cubic inches in.3 Small volumes Force, Mass Pound lb Specific weight, force, load Kip kip, k 1000 pounds Ton ton 2000 pounds Pounds per foot lb/ft, plf Linear load (as on a beam) Kips per foot kips/ft, klf Linear load (as on a beam) Pounds per square foot lb/ft2, psf Distributed load on a surface, pressure Kips per square foot k/ft2, ksf Distributed load on a surface, pressure Pounds per cubic foot lb/ft3 Relative density, unit weight Moment Foot-pounds ft-lb Rotational or bending moment Inch-pounds in.-lb Rotational or bending moment Kip-feet kip-ft Rotational or bending moment Kip-inches kip-in. Rotational or bending moment Stress Pounds per square foot lb/ft2, psf Soil pressure Pounds per square inch lb/in.2, psi Stresses in structures Kips per square foot kips/ft2, ksf Soil pressure Kips per square inch kips/in.2, ksi Stresses in structures Temperature Degree Fahrenheit °F TemperatureTABLE I.2 Units of Measurement: SI System
Name of Unit Abbreviation Use in Building Design Length Meter m Large dimensions, building plans, beam spans Millimeter mm Small dimensions, size of member cross sections Area Square meters m2 Large areas Square millimeters mm2 Small areas, properties of member cross sections Volume Cubic meters m3 Large volumes Cubic millimeters mm3 Small volumes Mass Kilogram kg Mass of material (equivalent to weight in U.S. units) Kilograms per cubic meter kg/m3 Density (unit weight) Force, Load Newton N Force or load on structure Kilonewton kN 1000 newtons Stress Pascal Pa Stress or pressure (1 pascal = 1 N/m2) Kilopascal kPa 1000 pascals Megapascal MPa 1,000,000 pascals Gigapascal GPa 1,000,000,000 pascals Temperature Degree Celsius °C TemperatureTABLE I.3 Factors for Conversion of Units
To Convert from U.S. Units to SI Units, Multiply by: U.S. Unit SI Unit To Convert from SI Units to U.S. Units, Multiply by: ... 25.4 in. mm 0.03937