Children as Teachers

List of ContributorsPrefaceI Theoretical Considerations 1 The Helping Relationship and Socialization of Children: Some Perspectives on Tutoring Historical Background Age Stratification, Socialization, and Tutoring References 2 Cross-Age Tutoring and Social Identity A Theoretical Framework The Role of Teacher The Role of Tutor The Problem of Individual Differences Conclusion References 3 Cross-Age versus Same-Age Peer Interaction: Ethological and Cross-Cultural Perspectives An Ethological Perspective on Peer Group Composition Cross-Cultural Studies Interpretive Comment Some Thoughts for Designers of Cross-Age Programs Conclusions References 4 Social Skills Theory Nonverbal Elements of Social Behavior Sequences of Behavior The Effects of Social Skills Acquisition of Social Skills Social Skills Training ReferencesII Helping Relationships with Children 5 Teaching Styles in Young Children: Implications for Peer Tutoring Reinforcement Styles in Teaching Cross-Cultural Studies of Reinforcement Style Teaching Style and Cognitive Competence Conclusions References 6 Siblings Teaching Siblings Interaction within the Family Research on Siblings Teaching Siblings Theoretical Explanations Implications for Research and Practice References 7 Studies on the Role of Tutor Consequences of Enacting the Role of Tutor Social Interaction Processes References 8 Nonprofessional Human-Service Helping Programs for Young Children A Rationale for Nonprofessional Human-Service Intervention Housewives as Child-Aides Related Programs Discussion, Implications, and Conclusions ReferencesIII Tutoring Programs in Schools 9 Learning through Cross-Age Helping: Why and How Rationale and Goals Ingredients for a Successful Program Designs for Cross-Age Helping Programs Conclusions References 10 Structured Tutoring: Antidote for Low Achievement Training Nonprofessional Tutors Conclusions References 11 A Model for the Development or Selection of School-Based Tutorial Systems Characteristics of an Effective Tutorial System References 12 The Tutorial Community Characteristics of the Tutorial Community Issues in School-Wide Tutoring Programs References 13 Tutoring and Psychological Growth The Tutoring Programs Expectations Associated with Tutoring Variations in the Chicago School Programs Dependent Measures Findings and Discussion References 14 Teenagers as Tutors of Academically Low-Achieving Children: Impact on Tutors and Tutees The Mobilization for Youth Tutorial Program Predicting Change in Tutors and Their Tutees Discussion ReferencesIV Problems and Possibilities 15 Children Tutoring Children: A Critical Review of Research Variables Affecting the Outcomes of Tutoring Comments on Research Design References 16 Implementing Tutoring Programs: Some Alternatives for Practitioners and Researchers Implementing a Tutoring Program Implementing Field Research References Manuals, Tutoring Packages, and Tutoring MaterialsIndex