
World Atlas of Language Structures
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgements
- List of Contributors
- INTRODUCTION
- TEXTS AND MAPS
- A. Phonology
- 1 Consonant Inventories
- 2 Vowel Quality Inventories
- 3 Consonant-Vowel Ratio
- 4 Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives
- 5 Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems
- 6 Uvular Consonants
- 7 Glottalized Consonants
- 8 Lateral Consonants
- 9 The Velar Nasal (?)
- 10 Vowel Nasalization
- 11 Front Rounded Vowels
- 12 Syllable Structure
- 13 Tone
- 14 Fixed Stress Locations
- 15 Weight-Sensitive Stress
- 16 Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems
- 17 Rhythm Types
- 18 Absence of Common Consonants
- 19 Presence of Uncommon Consonants
- B. Morphology
- 20 Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives
- 21 Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives
- 22 Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb
- 23 Locus of Marking in the Clause
- 24 Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases
- 25 Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology
- 26 Prefixing versus Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology
- 27 Reduplication
- 28 Case Syncretism
- 29 Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking
- C. Nominal Categories
- Gender and Number
- 30 Number of Genders
- 31 Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems
- 32 Systems of Gender Assignment
- 33 Coding of Nominal Plurality
- 34 Occurrence of Nominal Plurality
- 35 Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns
- 36 The Associative Plural
- Articles and Pronouns
- 37 Definite Articles
- 38 Indefinite Articles
- 39-40 Inclusive/Exclusive Forms for 'we'
- 39 Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns
- 40 Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection
- 41 Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives
- 42 Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives
- 43 Third-Person Pronouns and Demonstratives
- 44 Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns
- 45 Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns
- 46 Indefinite Pronouns
- 47 Intensifiers and Reflexive Pronouns
- 48 Person Marking on Adpositions
- Case
- 49 Number of Cases
- 50 Asymmetrical Case Marking
- 51 Position of Case Affixes
- 52 Comitatives and Instrumentals
- Numerals
- 53 Ordinal Numerals
- 54 Distributive Numerals
- 55 Numeral Classifiers
- 56 Conjunctions and Universal Quantifiers
- D. Nominal Syntax
- 57 Position of Pronominal Possessive Affixes
- 58 Obligatory Possessive Inflection
- 59 Possessive Classification
- 60 Genitives, Adjectives, and Relative Clauses
- 61 Adjectives without Nouns
- 62 Action Nominal Constructions
- 63 Noun Phrase Conjunction
- 64 Nominal and Verbal Conjunction
- E. Verbal Categories
- Tense and Aspect
- 65-68 Tense and Aspect
- 65 Perfective/Imperfective Aspect
- 66 The Past Tense
- 67 The Future Tense
- 68 The Perfect
- 69 Position of Tense-Aspect Affixes
- Modality
- 70 The Morphological Imperative
- 71 The Prohibitive
- 72 Imperative-Hortative Systems
- 73 The Optative
- 74 Situational Possibility
- 75 Epistemic Possibility
- 76 Overlap between Situational and Epistemic Modal Marking
- 77 Semantic Distinctions of Evidentiality
- 78 Coding of Evidentiality
- Suppletion
- 79 Suppletion According to Tense and Aspect
- 80 Verbal Number and Suppletion
- F. Word Order
- 81 Order of Subject, Object, and Verb
- 82 Order of Subject and Verb
- 83 Order of Object and Verb
- 84 Order of Object, Oblique, and Verb
- 85 Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
- 86 Order of Genitive and Noun
- 87 Order of Adjective and Noun
- 88 Order of Demonstrative and Noun
- 89 Order of Numeral and Noun
- 90 Order of Relative Clause and Noun
- 91 Order of Degree Word and Adjective
- 92 Position of Polar Question Particles
- 93 Position of Interrogative Phrases in Content Questions
- 94 Order of Adverbial Subordinator and Clause
- 95 Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adposition and Noun Phrase
- 96 Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Relative Clause and Noun
- 97 Relationship between the Order of Object and Verb and the Order of Adjective and Noun
- G. Simple Clauses
- 98-99 Alignment of Case Marking
- 98 Alignment of Case Marking of Full Noun Phrases
- 99 Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns
- 100 Alignment of Verbal Person Marking
- 101 Expression of Pronominal Subjects
- 102 Verbal Person Marking
- 103 Third-Person Zero of Verbal Person Marking
- 104 Order of Person Markers on the Verb
- 105 Ditransitive Constructions: The Verb 'Give'
- Valence and Voice
- 106 Reciprocal Constructions
- 107 Passive Constructions
- 108 Antipassive Constructions
- 109 Applicative Constructions
- 110 Periphrastic Causative Constructions
- 111 Nonperiphrastic Causative Constructions
- Negation and Questions
- 112 Negative Morphemes
- 113 Symmetric and Asymmetric Standard Negation
- 114 Subtypes of Asymmetric Standard Negation
- 115 Negative Indefinite Pronouns and Predicate Negation
- 116 Polar Questions
- Predication
- 117 Predicative Possession
- 118 Predicative Adjectives
- 119 Nominal and Locational Predication
- 120 Zero Copula for Predicate Nominals
- 121 Comparative Constructions
- H. Complex Sentences
- 122-123 Relativization Strategies
- 122 Relativization on Subjects
- 123 Relativization on Obliques
- 124 'Want' Complement Clauses
- 125 Purpose Clauses
- 126 'When' Clauses
- 127 Reason Clauses
- 128 Utterance Complement Clauses
- I. Lexicon
- 129 Hand and Arm
- 130 Finger and Hand
- 131 Numeral Bases
- 132-135 Colour Terms
- 132 Number of Nonderived Basic Colour Categories
- 133 Number of Basic Colour Categories
- 134 Green and Blue
- 135 Red and Yellow
- 136-137 Personal Pronouns
- 136 M-T Pronouns
- 137 N-M Pronouns
- 138 Tea
- J. Sign Languages
- Sign Languages
- 139 Irregular Negatives in Sign Languages
- 140 Question Particles in Sign Languages
- K. Other
- 141 Writing Systems
- 142 Paralinguistic Usages of Clicks
- REFERENCE MATERIAL
- Genealogical Maps
- Genealogical Language List
- References
- Language Name Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z
- WALS Code Index
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
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- P
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