Advances in Microbial Physiology

Name: Advances in Microbial Physiology
Brand: Academic Press
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Academic Press

Published on 23. December 1986

304 pages

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Front Cover
Advances in Microbial Physiology
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Chapter One: New insights in bacterial organophosphorus cycling: From human pathogens to environmental bacteria
1 Introduction
2 Major forms of organic P found in nature
2.1 Phosphoesters
2.2 Phospholipids
2.3 Phosphonates
3 Overview of major organic P transforming enzymes
3.1 Enzymes degrading phosphoester (C-O-P) bonds
3.2 Enzymes degrading phosphonates (C-P) bonds
4 Mechanisms governing the P stress response: advances and open questions
5 Organic P transporter systems: new and old
5.1 PhoBR-independent secondary active transporters
5.2 PhoBR-independent and -dependent primary active transporters
6 Recent insights into the mechanism and function of PhoX, PhoA and PhoD
6.1 PhoA
6.2 PhoX
6.3 PhoD
6.4 The Pi-irrepressible phosphomonoesterase PafA: a unique P cycling enzyme
7 Phospholipid metabolism: mechanisms and consequences for host-microbe interactions
7.1 Phospholipase C - key enzymes in P-lipid hydrolysis
7.2 Phospholipase D - key enzymes in glycerolphosphodiester hydrolysis
8 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter Two: The formate-hydrogen axis and its impact on the physiology of enterobacterial fermentation
1 Introduction
2 Key enzyme systems governing intracellular formate levels
2.1 Control of formate generation by PflB
2.2 How formate regulates H2 production
2.3 Formate-oxidising enzymes
3 Formate translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane-identification of FocA
3.1 FocA is a pentamer
3.2 The functional importance of the T91 and H209 residues within FocA's pore
3.3 How hypophosphite has provided insight into formate uptake by FocA
4 FocA-dependent import of formate/formic acid is dependent on an active FHL-1 complex-implications for bioenergetics
4.1 FHL-2 and FocB
5 Variable distribution of PflB, FocA, FHL-1 and FHL-2 amongst the enterobacteria
6 Future challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Three: Microbial metabolites as modulators of host physiology
1 Introduction
2 Short-chain fatty acids
2.1 SCFA and host signalling
2.2 SCFA and host glucose homeostasis and metabolism (insulin sensitivity)
2.3 SCFA and host immunity
2.4 SCFA and enteric pathogens
3 Aromatic amino acids and indole
3.1 Tryptophan and indole
3.2 Derivatives of indole
3.3 AhR and host perception of indole
3.4 Other amino acid-derived microbial metabolites
4 Microbial metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids
4.1 Coprostanol
4.2 Bile acids
4.3 Bile salt hydrolases
5 Microbial metabolism of xenobiotics
5.1 Azo bonds
5.2 Levodopa
5.3 Enterolignans
5.4 Catechols
5.5 Glucuronidation
6 Choline metabolism and TMAO production
6.1 Choline, TMAO and cardiovascular disease
6.2 TMAO as a terminal electron acceptor
7 Natural products produced by the gut microbiota
8 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter Four: Antimicrobials: An update on new strategies to diversify treatment for bacterial infections
1 Introduction
2 A century of antibiotic discovery and development
2.1 ß-Lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)
2.1.1 Penicillins
2.1.2 Cephalosporins
2.1.3 Carbapenems
2.2 Monobactams
2.3 Glycopeptides
2.4 Oxazolidinones
2.5 Macrolides
2.6 Tetracyclines
2.7 Aminoglycosides
2.8 Quinolones
2.9 Sulphonamides and trimethoprim
2.10 Polymyxins
2.11 The resistance
3 No antibiotic is an island: enhancing efficacy with co-administered agents
3.1 Efflux pump inhibitors and aminoglycoside modifying enzyme inhibitors
3.2 ß-Lactamase inhibitors
3.2.1 First wave ß-lactamase inhibitors
3.2.2 Second generation ß-lactamase inhibitors
3.2.3 New wave ESßL inhibitors
3.2.4 Diazabicyclooctanones
3.2.5 Transition state analogs
3.2.6 Novel peptide inhibitors
3.2.7 Targeting class B metallo-ß-lactamases
3.2.8 Pharmacodynamics challenge
3.3 Antimicrobial nanoparticle-based therapeutics
3.3.1 Trojan horses and modular switches
3.3.2 Circumventing resistance
3.3.3 Barriers to pre-clinical development
4 Next-generation bio-prospectors
4.1 Preventing the rediscovery of known antibiotics
4.2 Exploiting chemical ecology for antibiotic discovery
4.3 The great plate count anomaly: 21st century solutions
4.4 Next-generation sequencing to accelerate antimicrobial drug discovery
4.4.1 Cracking the cryptic code: novel methodology for harvesting the products of cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters
5 Measure for measure
5.1 In vitro assays for antimicrobial susceptibility testing
5.1.1 Standardised antimicrobial susceptibility testing
5.2 Replicating realistic environments
5.3 Media composition
5.3.1 Biofilm models
5.3.2 In vitro cell culture and ex-vivo tissue models
5.4 Antimicrobial testing using in vivo environments
5.4.1 Vertebrate infection models
5.4.2 Invertebrate models of infection
6 Untangling the web: understanding polymicrobial influences on the outcomes of antimicrobial therapy
6.1 The polymicrobial environment
6.2 Resistance or tolerance, which one is the real fight?
6.2.1 Within-kingdom interactions: tolerating the neighbours
6.2.2 Inter-kingdom interactions: the hidden world of microbial competition and cooperation
6.2.2.1 Extracellular matrix components
6.2.3 Quorum sensing: communicating tolerance or new therapeutic targets
6.2.4 Validation in vivo
6.2.5 Bringing antifungals to the stage
6.2.6 Considering viruses and host factors
7 New partners in crime
7.1 Other natural born antimicrobials
7.1.1 Antimicrobial phytochemicals
7.1.2 Biosurfactants
7.1.3 Bacteriocins
7.1.4 Phage therapy
7.1.5 Synthetic biology and therapeutic phage products
7.1.6 Learning from phage-bacteria interactions
7.2 Indirect attackers
7.2.1 Targeting the extracellular matrix
7.3 Working with the host
7.3.1 Monoclonal antibodies
7.3.2 Manipulating cytokines and immune cell proliferation
7.3.3 Vaccines
8 Thinking outside the box
8.1 Anti-adherence therapeutics
8.2 Anti-type three secretion system therapeutics
8.3 Anti-toxin therapeutics
9 Perspectives: engagement with industry and clinical partners
References
Chapter Five: Protists: Eukaryotic single-celled organisms and the functioning of their organelles
1 General introduction
2 Motility comparison
2.1 Motility of amoebae
2.2 Motility of flagellates and ciliates
2.3 Gliding motility of the apicomplexa
3 Metabolic comparisons
3.1 Aerobes
3.2 Microaerophiles/anaerobes
4 Parasitic protists
4.1 Mitochondria and mitochondria-like organelles
4.2 Hydrogenosomes
4.3 Mitosomes
5 Apicoplasts
6 Acidocalcisome
7 Peroxisomes, glyoxysomes and glycosomes
8 Lipid bodies
9 GERL (lysosomes, reservosomes, megasomes)
10 Micronemes
11 Rhoptry
12 Dense granules
13 Contractile vacuoles
14 Cellular differentiation
14.1 Encystment (Encystation)
14.2 Cyst wall composition
14.3 Excystation (excystment)
15 Future studies and conclusions
Acknowledgements
Dedication
References
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