Advances in Geophysics

Name: Advances in Geophysics
Brand: Academic Press
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Academic Press

Published on 31. January 1970

414 pages

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978-0-08-056842-3 (ISBN)

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Front Cover
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 14
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Chapter 1. Precision Radiometry and Its Significance in Atmospheric and Space Physics
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Historical Review of Precision Radiometry
1.3. Precision and Accuracy of Radiometric Devices
1.4. The Extraterrestrial Solar Fluxes
1.5. Instrumental Problems in Precision Measurements of Solar and Terrestrial Radiative Fluxes above the Earth's Surface
References
Chapter 2. Radiometry from the Viewpoint of the Detector
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Spectral Distribution
2.3. The Measurement of Radiation-Basic Principles
2.4. The Thermopile
2.5. Use of Radiation Thermopiles-Measurement of Total Radiation
2.6. Establishment of the Radiation Scale
2.7. Measurement of Monochromatic Radiation
2.8. The Absolute Measurement of Radiant Power
2.9. The Absolute Measurement of Radiation
References
Chapter 3. Sources as Radiometric Standards
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Standards of Total Irradiance
3.3. Standards of Spectral Radiance
3.4. Standards of Spectral Irradiance
3.5. Low-Intensity Standards of Spectral Irradiance
3.6. Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4. High-Accuracy Spectral Radiance Calibration of Tungsten-Strip Lamps
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Accuracy Requirements
4.3. The Blackbody
4.4. The Spectroradiometer
4.5. Temperature Calibration
4.6. Comparison of Blackbody and Tungsten-Strip Lamp
4.7. Summary of Uncertainties
References
Chapter 5. New Infrared Detectors
5.1. Introduction
5.2. The Performance of an Ideal Detector
5.3. Intrinsic Photoconductive Detectors
5.4. Extrinsic Photoconductive Detectors
5.5. New Types of Thermal Detectors
5.6. Laser Detectors
References
Chapter 6. Blackbodies as Absolute Radiation Standards
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Principles of Absolute Total Blackbody Radiometry
6.3. Temperature Measurements
6.4. Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
6.5. Emissivities of Blackbody Cavities
6.6. Configuration Factors
6.7. Low-Temperature Blackbody as an Absolute Standard of Total Radiation
6.8. Experimental Difficulties in the Transfer of a Total Radiation Scale to Secondary Devices
6.9. Accuracy of Total Irradiance Standards
6.10. Applications
References
Chapter 7. Experimental Blackbody (Absolute) Radiometry
7.1. Historical
7.2. Blackbody Design
7.3. Sources of Error
7.4. Current Status of Cavity Sources
References
Chapter 8 . Laboratory Methods of Experimental Radiometry Including Data Analysis
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Total Radiation Scales in Practice
8.3. Calibration of a Radiometer
8.4. Sensitivity Definitions for Thermopiles
8.5. Filter Radiometry with Thermopile-Type Detectors
8.6. Correlation of Broadband and Narrowband Filter Radiometer Measurements
8.7. Monochromator measurements
8.8. Use of Monochromator Data in Calculating Filter Factors
8.9. Correlation of Monochromator and Filter Radiometer Meas- urement Results
8.10. Other Uses of Spectral Standards for Calibration Purposes
References
Chapter 9. On Determinations of the Atmospheric Turbidity and Their Relation to Pyrheliometric Measurements
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Scattering of Solar Radiation within the Atmosphere
9.3. Determination of the Angstrom Turbidity Coefficient
9.4. Influence of Circumsolar Sky Radiation on Pyrheliometric Measurements
9.5. Absorption of Solar Radiation by Atmospheric Water Vapor
9.6. Influence of Atmospheric Turbidity on the Planetary Albedo of the Earth
Appendix
References
Chapter 10. Some Meteorological Aspects of Radiation and Radiation Measurement
10.1. General Introduction: Magnitudes
10.2. Computation of Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere
10.3. Measurements of Solar Radiation
10.4. Measurements of Terrestrial Radiation
10.5. Indirect Sensing of Atmospheric Properties by Observations of Radiation
References
Chapter 11. Measurement of Radiation Flux and Equivalent Radiation Temperature in the Atmosphere
11.1. Introduction
11.2. A New MRT Meter
11.3. Four-Sphere MRT Meter
11.4. Observations with the Four-Sphere MRT Meter
11.5. Experiments with the Four-Sphere Model
11.6. Equivalent Radiation Temperature in the Upper Air
11.7. Future Problem
11.8. Absolute Emissivity Measurement of Flat Surfaces
11.9. Pyrheliometer Development
References
Chapter 12. Applications of Thermal Radiation Measurements in Atmospheric Science
12.1. Role of Radiative Energy Exchange in Weather Processes
12.2. Instrumentation for Radiation Measurements in the Free At- mosphere
12.3. Effects on Radiative Atmospheric Heat Budget during Artificially Induced Cirrus Metamorphoses
12.4. Observed and Calculated Irradiances for the Real Atmosphere
12.5. Infrared Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere
References
Chapter 13. Recent Advances in Satellite Radiation Measurements
13.1. Brief Summary of Satellite Radiometry
13.2. Physical Principles of Vertical Sounding
13.3. Vertical Sounding Experiments
13.4. Intercomparison of the Instruments
13.5. Calibration of the Interferometer
13.6. Future Experiments
Appendix
References
Chapter 14. The Design and Construction of Evaporated Multilayer Filters for Use in Solar Radiation Technology
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Theory of the Fabry-Perot Interferometer
14.3. Filter Contrast and Bandwidth
14.4. Temperature Dependence of Band Position
14.5. Wide Bandpass Filters
14.6. Physical Properties of Narrow Bandpass Filters
References
Appendix: Radiation Terminology, Symbols, Units, and Conversion Factors

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