Accelerating E-Mobility in Germany

1 - Acknowledgement [Seite 7]
2 - Contents [Seite 8]
3 - Abbreviations [Seite 11]
4 - List of Figures [Seite 12]
5 - List of Tables [Seite 13]
6 - 1 Electromobility-The Current State [Seite 14]
6.1 - 1.1 Introduction [Seite 14]
6.2 - 1.2 Legal Framework [Seite 15]
6.2.1 - 1.2.1 National Measures [Seite 15]
6.2.2 - 1.2.2 European Measures [Seite 17]
6.2.2.1 - 1.2.2.1 Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions [Seite 17]
6.2.2.2 - 1.2.2.2 Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources [Seite 18]
6.2.2.3 - 1.2.2.3 Improving Energy Efficiency [Seite 19]
6.3 - 1.3 Advantages of E-Vehicles [Seite 21]
6.4 - 1.4 Problem Description [Seite 22]
6.4.1 - 1.4.1 Conclusion of Contract with the Charging Station Operator [Seite 23]
6.4.2 - 1.4.2 No Free Choice of Energy Supplier [Seite 24]
6.4.3 - 1.4.3 Excessive Pricing [Seite 24]
6.4.4 - 1.4.4 Lack of Charging Infrastructure [Seite 24]
6.4.5 - 1.4.5 Approach to a Solution [Seite 24]
6.5 - References [Seite 24]
7 - 2 Network Access Pursuant to § 20 EnWG [Seite 27]
7.1 - 2.1 The Benefits for the End Consumer [Seite 27]
7.2 - 2.2 Network Access Pursuant to § 20 EnWG [Seite 28]
7.2.1 - 2.2.1 A Brief History [Seite 28]
7.2.2 - 2.2.2 The Basic Structure of Energy Supply in the EnWG [Seite 32]
7.3 - 2.3 The Public Charging Station in the System of the EnWG [Seite 33]
7.3.1 - 2.3.1 Publicly Accessible Charging Station [Seite 33]
7.3.2 - 2.3.2 Rightful Claimant [Seite 34]
7.3.3 - 2.3.3 Obligated Party [Seite 34]
7.3.3.1 - 2.3.3.1 Direct Line [Seite 35]
7.3.3.2 - 2.3.3.2 Closed Distribution System [Seite 36]
7.3.3.3 - 2.3.3.3 Customer Facility [Seite 36]
7.3.3.4 - 2.3.3.4 Facility Sui Generis [Seite 37]
7.3.3.5 - 2.3.3.5 Energy Supply System [Seite 38]
7.3.3.6 - 2.3.3.6 Discussion: The Legislative Purpose [Seite 40]
7.3.3.6.1 - Supply of Electricity for the General Public [Seite 40]
7.3.3.6.2 - Consumer Protection [Seite 40]
7.3.3.6.3 - Effective and Genuine Competition [Seite 41]
7.3.3.7 - 2.3.3.7 Discussion: Interpretation in Conformity with European Law [Seite 44]
7.3.3.7.1 - Applicability of Directive 2009/72/EC [Seite 44]
7.3.3.7.2 - Applicability of Directive 2009/28/EC [Seite 45]
7.3.3.7.3 - Applicability of Directive 2012/27/EU [Seite 45]
7.3.3.7.4 - Applicability of Directive 2014/94/EU [Seite 46]
7.3.3.8 - 2.3.3.8 Interim Result [Seite 48]
7.3.4 - 2.3.4 Balancing Group [Seite 48]
7.3.5 - 2.3.5 No Grounds for Refusal [Seite 48]
7.3.6 - 2.3.6 Result [Seite 51]
7.3.7 - 2.3.7 Excursus: The Tesla Supercharger Network [Seite 51]
7.4 - References [Seite 52]
8 - 3 Charging Stations as "Essential Facilities" [Seite 56]
8.1 - 3.1 The Benefit for the Consumer [Seite 56]
8.2 - 3.2 Network Access Pursuant to Art. 102 TFEU [Seite 57]
8.2.1 - 3.2.1 Dominant Position [Seite 57]
8.2.1.1 - 3.2.1.1 Product Market [Seite 57]
8.2.1.2 - 3.2.1.2 Geographic Market [Seite 59]
8.2.1.3 - 3.2.1.3 Dominant Position [Seite 60]
8.2.1.3.1 - Collective Entity [Seite 60]
8.2.1.3.2 - Market Transparency [Seite 61]
8.2.1.3.3 - Coordination Discipline [Seite 62]
8.2.1.3.4 - Robustness Against the Competition [Seite 62]
8.2.2 - 3.2.2 Abusive Conduct [Seite 64]
8.2.2.1 - 3.2.2.1 New Product [Seite 64]
8.2.2.1.1 - No Otherwise Access [Seite 65]
8.2.2.1.2 - No Duplicability [Seite 66]
8.2.2.1.3 - Refusal Without Justification [Seite 68]
8.3 - 3.3 Capability of Affecting Trade Between Member States [Seite 69]
8.4 - 3.4 Result [Seite 69]
8.5 - References [Seite 70]
9 - 4 Price Abuse Due to Market Dominance [Seite 72]
9.1 - 4.1 Benefit for the Consumer [Seite 72]
9.2 - 4.2 Price Abuse Pursuant to Art. 102 TFEU [Seite 72]
9.2.1 - 4.2.1 Relevant Market [Seite 72]
9.2.2 - 4.2.2 Dominant Position [Seite 73]
9.2.3 - 4.2.3 Abuse of the Dominant Market Position [Seite 76]
9.2.3.1 - 4.2.3.1 Abusive Pricing [Seite 76]
9.2.3.1.1 - Comparable Market Concept [Seite 76]
9.2.3.1.2 - Price-Cost-Analysis [Seite 77]
9.2.3.1.3 - Substantial Markup [Seite 79]
9.2.3.1.4 - Objective Justification [Seite 80]
9.2.3.1.5 - Interim Result [Seite 80]
9.2.3.2 - 4.2.3.2 Price Discrimination Pursuant to Art. 102 TFEU [Seite 81]
9.2.3.2.1 - Exclusionary Conduct Against Charging Station Operators [Seite 81]
9.2.3.2.2 - Exclusionary Conduct Against Roaming Partners [Seite 82]
9.3 - References [Seite 83]
10 - 5 Insufficient Expansion of Charging Stations [Seite 85]
10.1 - 5.1 Benefit for the Final Consumer [Seite 85]
10.2 - 5.2 Relevant Market [Seite 85]
10.3 - 5.3 Market Failure [Seite 86]
10.3.1 - 5.3.1 Current Expansion of the Charging Station Network [Seite 86]
10.3.2 - 5.3.2 Insufficient Expansion in Regard to the Current State [Seite 88]
10.3.3 - 5.3.3 Insufficient Expansion in Regard to the Development Plan [Seite 89]
10.3.4 - 5.3.4 Interim Result [Seite 90]
10.4 - 5.4 Possible Reasons for the Lack of Expansion [Seite 90]
10.4.1 - 5.4.1 High Fixed Costs [Seite 90]
10.4.2 - 5.4.2 Economies of Scope [Seite 92]
10.4.3 - 5.4.3 Chicken-and-Egg-Problem [Seite 92]
10.4.4 - 5.4.4 Low Number of Available Public Places [Seite 93]
10.4.5 - 5.4.5 Interim Result [Seite 93]
10.5 - 5.5 Appropriate Measures [Seite 94]
10.5.1 - 5.5.1 Self-healing Powers of the Market [Seite 94]
10.5.2 - 5.5.2 Public Sponsorship [Seite 94]
10.5.3 - 5.5.3 Public Responsibility [Seite 95]
10.5.4 - 5.5.4 Regulation [Seite 95]
10.5.5 - 5.5.5 Discussion [Seite 95]
10.6 - 5.6 Result [Seite 96]
10.7 - References [Seite 96]
11 - 6 Summary and Proposals [Seite 99]
11.1 - 6.1 Summary [Seite 99]
11.2 - 6.2 Proposals [Seite 101]
11.2.1 - 6.2.1 Legal Classification of the Charging Station [Seite 101]
11.2.2 - 6.2.2 Charging Station as an Allowable Asset Pursuant to the StromNEV [Seite 101]
11.2.3 - 6.2.3 Structure of the Electricity Distribution Systems [Seite 101]
11.2.4 - 6.2.4 Abolishing the Billing Fee [Seite 102]
11.3 - 6.3 Closing Remarks [Seite 102]
11.4 - References [Seite 103]
12 - Annex A-Overview Operators of Charging Stations [Seite 104]
13 - Annex B-Cost Calculation [Seite 106]