
Engine Emissions Measurement Handbook
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Foreword
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 Engine Emissions
- 1.1 Characteristics of Engine Exhaust Gas
- 1.1.1 Major Components of Engine Exhaust Gas
- 1.1.2 Units Used for Exhaust Gas Components
- 1.1.3 Concentration Variations of Exhaust Gas Components
- 1.1.4 Exhaust Gas as Fluid (Physical Characteristics)
- 1.1.4.1 Density
- 1.1.4.2 Viscosity (Coefficient of Viscosity)
- 1.1.4.3 Specific Heat
- 1.1.4.4 Temperature
- 1.2 Major Air Pollutants in Engine Exhaust
- 1.2.1 Inorganic Compounds
- 1.2.2 Organic Compounds
- 1.2.2.1 Hydrocarbons
- 1.2.2.2 Alcohols and Carbonyls
- 1.2.3 Engine Exhaust Particulates
- 1.3 Greenhouse Gases in Exhaust Emissions
- References
- Appendix A.1Calculations of EngineExhaust Gas Composition
- A.1.1 Combustion Reaction Formula
- A.1.2 Calculations of Gas Component Concentration
- A.1.2.1 Lean Combustion (? = (1 - d))
- A.1.2.2 Rich Combustion (? & (1 - d))
- A.1.3 Excess Air Ratio and Gas Component Concentration
- Chapter 2 Gaseous Emissions Measurement
- 2.1 Overview
- 2.1.1 Direct Sampling Method
- 2.1.1.1 Gas Sampling with the Direct Sampling Method
- 2.1.1.2 Equations of Mass Emission
- 2.1.2 Dilution Sampling Method
- 2.2 Constant Volume Sampler
- 2.2.1 Overview of the Constant Volume Sampler
- 2.2.2 System Structure
- 2.2.2.1 Mixing Tee
- 2.2.2.2 Flow Controller
- 2.2.2.3 Gas Sampling Bags
- 2.2.3 Calculation of Mass Emission
- 2.2.4 System Setup and System Check
- 2.2.4.1 Setting the Dilution Flow Rate
- 2.2.4.2 Calibration of the Dilution Flow Rate
- 2.2.4.3 Total System Verification
- 2.3 Measurement of Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicles by the CVS Method
- 2.3.1 Compensation of Background (Dilution Air)
- 2.3.1.1 Active Carbon Filter
- 2.3.1.2 Dilution Air Refiner
- 2.3.1.3 Proportional Ambient Sampling Method
- 2.3.2 Optimization of Dilution Ratio
- 2.3.2.1 Variable-Flow CVS
- 2.3.2.2 Heated CVS
- 2.3.2.3 Dehumidification of the Dilution Air
- 2.3.3 Preventing HC Hang-Up
- 2.3.3.1 Selection of Materials
- 2.3.3.2 Separate Sample Lines for Low-Concentration Measurement
- 2.3.3.3 Extensive Purging
- 2.3.3.4 Blank Tests
- 2.4 Bag Mini Diluter
- 2.4.1 System Configuration and Features
- 2.4.2 Mass Emission Calculation
- 2.5 Exhaust Flow Rate Measurement
- 2.5.1 Summary of Exhaust Flow Measurement
- 2.5.2 Direct Measurement Method
- 2.5.2.1 Ultrasonic Flow Meter
- 2.5.2.2 Pitot Tube Flow Meter
- 2.5.3 Indirect Measurement Method
- 2.5.3.1 Intake Air Flow and Fuel Flow
- 2.5.3.2 Intake Air Flow and Air-to-Fuel Ratio
- 2.5.3.3 Tracer Method
- References
- Chapter 3 Measurement of Particle Emissions and Black Smoke
- 3.1 PM Mass Filter Weighing (Balance) Method
- 3.1.1 PM Sampling from a Tunnel
- 3.1.1.1 Full-Flow Dilution Tunnel
- 3.1.1.2 Micro Dilution Tunnel
- 3.1.2 Filter Weighing
- 3.1.3 Separate Analysis of Soluble Organic Fraction
- 3.2 Other Methods for Exhaust Particle Mass Measurement
- 3.2.1 Filter Combustion Method for Measuring Low-Mass PM
- 3.2.2 Continuous Measurement of PM Mass Concentration
- 3.3 Particle Number Measurement
- 3.3.1 Continuous Measurement of Solid Particle Number
- 3.3.2 Particle Size Distribution Measurement
- 3.4 Measurement of Black Smoke
- 3.4.1 Opacity Meter
- 3.4.2 Light Reflection
- References
- Chapter 4 Evaporative Emissions Measurement
- 4.1 Outline of Evaporative Emission Regulation
- 4.2 Evaporation Test of Parked Vehicles
- 4.2.1 Outline of the Test
- 4.2.1.1 Variable Pressure Absorption System
- 4.2.1.2 Calibration and HC Retention Test
- 4.2.2 Analyzer for Evaporative Emission Measurement
- 4.2.2.1 Analyzer
- 4.2.2.2 Calculation of Evaporation Rate
- 4.3 Running Loss Evaporation Test
- 4.3.1 Evaluation of the Entire Vehicle
- 4.3.1.1 SHED Configuration
- 4.3.1.2 Fuel Temperature Profile
- 4.3.2 Evaluation of Evaporative Emission by the Point-Source Method
- 4.4 Evaporative Test After Vehicle Driving
- References
- Chapter 5 Principles of Exhaust Gas Analyzers
- 5.1 Analytical Principles for Regulated Emission Components of Interest
- 5.2 Non-Dispersive Infrared Detection
- 5.2.1 Principle
- 5.2.2 Infrared Detector
- 5.2.2.1 Pyroelectric-Type Infrared Detector
- 5.2.2.2 Pneumatic Cell-Type Detector
- 5.2.2.3 Detector Using Lead Selenide
- 5.2.3 Application to Exhaust Gas Analyzers
- 5.2.3.1 Interference Compensation by AS Method
- 5.2.3.2 Adjustment of Water Concentration in Calibration Gas
- 5.3 Flame Ionization Detection
- 5.3.1 Principle of Flame Ionization Detection
- 5.3.2 Application to Exhaust Gas Analyzer
- 5.3.2.1 Separate Measurement of Methane
- 5.3.2.2 Compensation of Oxygen Interference
- 5.4 Chemiluminescence Detection
- 5.4.1 Principle of Chemiluminescence Detection
- 5.4.2 Application to the Exhaust Gas Analyzer
- 5.4.2.1 Atmospheric Pressure-Type and Vacuum Pressure-Type NOx Analyzers
- 5.4.2.2 Options of Sample Dehumidification
- 5.5 Paramagnetic Detection
- 5.6 Zirconia Solid Electrolyte Method
- 5.6.1 Zirconia-Type Air-to-Fuel Ratio Sensor
- 5.6.2 Zirconia-Type Nitrogen Oxide Sensor
- 5.7 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
- 5.7.1 Principle of Fourier Transform Infrared Gas Analyzer
- 5.7.2 Analyzer Configuration and Target Gas Components
- 5.8 Mid-Infrared Laser Spectroscopy
- 5.9 Gas Chromatography
- 5.9.1 Principle of Gas Chromatography
- 5.9.2 System Components and Conditions
- 5.9.2.1 Column
- 5.9.2.2 Oven Temperature
- 5.9.2.3 Detector
- 5.9.2.4 Sample Injector
- References
- Chapter 6 Testing Equipment for Vehicle Emissions
- 6.1 General Configuration
- 6.2 Equipment for Simulating Actual Driving Conditions
- 6.3 Equipment for Gas Component Analysis
- 6.3.1 Constant Volume Sampling System
- 6.3.2 Exhaust Gas Analyzer
- 6.4 Particle Measurement Equipment
- 6.5 Driving Aid Equipment/Automatic Driving Equipment
- 6.5.1 Driver's Aid System
- 6.5.2 Robot Driver
- 6.6 Automation System
- 6.6.1 Laboratory Automation System
- 6.6.2 Full-Automatic Unmanned Testing System
- Chapter 7 Practical Measurement of Engine Emissions
- 7.1 Emission Measurements for Powertrain Development
- 7.1.1 Air-to-Fuel Ratio and Excess Air Ratio
- 7.1.1.1 Calculating from Exhaust Gas Concentrations
- 7.1.1.2 Real-Time Measurement Using Zirconia Sensor
- 7.1.2 Exhaust Gas Recirculation Ratio
- 7.1.2.1 Calculation from CO2 Concentrations
- 7.1.2.2 Transient Measurement of EGR Ratio
- 7.1.3 Fuel Consumption
- 7.1.3.1 Vehicles Using Combustion Engine for Power Source
- 7.1.3.2 Hybrid Vehicles
- 7.1.4 Engine Oil Consumption
- 7.1.4.1 S-trace Method
- 7.1.4.2 Calculation of Oil Consumption
- 7.1.5 Catalytic Converter Evaluation
- 7.1.5.1 Three-Way Catalytic Converter Evaluation
- 7.1.5.2 Evaluation of Aftertreatment System for Nitrogen Compounds
- 7.1.5.3 Evaluation of Diesel Particulate Filter
- 7.1.5.4 Evaluation of Aftertreatment Catalyst Using Model Gas
- 7.1.6 Measurement of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons
- 7.1.6.1 Quantitative Estimation of Alcohols
- 7.1.6.2 Quantitative Estimation of Carbonyl Compounds
- 7.1.6.3 Measurement of Non-Methane Organic Gases
- 7.1.7 Measurement of Greenhouse Gases
- 7.1.8 Modal Mass Analysis
- 7.1.9 Onboard Emission Measurements
- 7.2 Emission Test for Type Approval
- 7.2.1 Scope of Regulation and Test Procedures
- 7.2.2 Common Test Procedure
- 7.2.2.1 Test Cycles
- 7.2.2.2 Off-Cycle Emission Tests
- 7.3 Emission Test for Production Vehicles
- 7.3.1 Random Sampling Inspection on Production Line
- 7.3.2 In-Use Vehicle Measurement
- References
- Chapter 8 Emission Regulations Around the World and Worldwide Harmonization of Technical Regulations
- 8.1 Emission Regulations Around the World
- 8.1.1 Japanese Emission Standards
- 8.1.1.1 History and Regulatory Process
- 8.1.1.2 Recent Trend
- 8.1.2 United States Emission Standards
- 8.1.2.1 History and Regulatory Process
- 8.1.2.2 Recent Trend
- 8.1.3 European Union Emission Standards
- 8.1.3.1 History and Regulatory Process
- 8.1.3.2 Recent Trend
- 8.1.4 Other Nations and Regions
- 8.2 Worldwide Harmonization of Technical Regulations and Mutual Recognition of Approval
- 8.2.1 1958 Agreement and ECE Regulation
- 8.2.2 1998 Agreement and gtr
- References
- Index
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