Statistical Methods in Diagnostic Medicine

Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Why This Book? 1.2 What Is Diagnostic Accuracy? 1.3 Landmarks in Statistical Methods for Diagnostic Medicine. 1.4 Software. 1.5 Topics not Covered in This Book. 1.6 Summary. I BASIC CONCEPTS AND METHODS. 2. Measures of Diagnostic Accuracy. 2.1 Sensitivity and Specificity. 2.2 The Combined Measures of Sensitivity and Specificity. 2.3 The ROC Curve. 2.4 The Area Under the ROC Curve. 2.5 The Sensitivity at a Fixed FPR. 2.6 The Partial Area Under the ROC Curve. 2.7 Likelihood Ratios. 2.8 Other ROC Curve Indices. 2.9 The Localization and Detection of Multiple Abnormalities. 2.10 Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. 2.11 Optimal Decision Threshold on the ROC Curve. 2.12 Multiple Tests. 3. The Design of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies. 3.1 Determining the Objective of the Study. 3.2 Identifying the Target-Patient Population. 3.3 Selecting a Sampling Plan for Patients. 3.4 Selecting the Gold Standard. 3.5 Choosing a Measure of Accuracy. 3.6 Identifying the Target-Reader Population. 3.7 Selecting a Sampling Plan for Readers. 3.8 Planning the Data Collection. 3.9 Planning the Data Analyses. 3.10 Determining the Sample Size. 4. Estimation and Hypothesis Testing in a Single Sample. 4.1 Binary-Scale Data. 4.2 Ordinal-Scale Data. 4.3 Continuous-Scale Data. 4.4 Hypothesis Testing About the ROC Area. 5. Comparing the Accuracy of Two Diagnostic Tests. 5.1 Binary-Scale Data. 5.2 Ordinal- and Continuous-Scale Data. 5.3 Tests of Equivalence. 6. Sample Size Calculation. 6.1 The Sample Size for Accuracy Studies of a Single Test. 6.2 The Sample Size for the Accuracy of Two Tests. 6.3 The Sample Size for Equivalent Studies of Two Tests. 6.4 The Sample Size for Determining a Suitable Cutoff Value. 7. Issues in Meta-Analysis for Diagnostic Tests. 7.1 Objectives. 7.2 Retrieval of the Literature. 7.3 Inclusion-Exclusion Criteria. 7.4 Extracting Information From the Literature. 7.5 Statistical Analysis. 7.6 Public Presentation. II ADVANCED METHODS. 8. Regression Analysis for Independent ROC Data. 8.1 Four Clinical Studies. 8.2 Regression Models for Continuous-Scale Tests. 8.3 Regression Models for Ordinal-Scale Tests. 9. Analysis of Correlated ROC Data. 9.1 Studies With Multiple Test Measurements of the Same Patient. 9.2 Studies With Multiple Readers and Tests. 9.3 Sample Size Calculation for Multireader Studies. 10. Methods for Correcting Verification Bias. 10.1 A Single Binary-Scale Test. 10.2 Correlated Binary-Scale Tests. 10.3 A Single Ordinal-Scale Test. 10.4 Correlated Ordinal-Scale Tests. 11. Methods for Correcting Imperfect Standard Bias. 11.1 One Single Test in a Single Population. 11.2 One Single Test in G Populations. 11.3 Multiple Tests in One Single Population. 11.4 Multiple Binary Tests in G Populations. 12. Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis. 12.1 Sensitivity and Specificity Pairs. 12.2 ROC Curve Areas. Index.