Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution in Comparative Organizations

This report adds two case studies of planning, programming, budgeting, and execution (PPBE) functions--in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and in the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration--to those of other U.S. federal government agencies presented in Volume 3, offering further insights for improving the U.S. Department of Defense's PPBE processes.