Electrical Power System Protection

1 Fuses.- 2 Current transformers.- 3 Voltage transformers.- 4 Overcurrent and earth fault protection.- 5 Current-differential protective schemes.- 6 The protection of transformers.- 7 The protection of rotating machines.- 8 The protection of busbars.- 9 The protection of overhead lines and cables by current-differential schemes.- 10 Interlock and phase-comparison schemes for the protection of overhead lines.- 11 Distance-type protective schemes for overhead lines and cables.- 12 Ultra-high-speed schemes for the protection of long transmission lines.- Appendix A The testing and application of power-system protective equipment.- A.1 Performance requirements.- A.2 Testing of protective devices and equipment.- A.2.1 Fuselinks.- A.2.2 Current and voltage transformers.- A.2.3 The testing of relays.- A.2.4 The testing of protective schemes.- A.3 Automatic testing of relays and protective schemes.- References.- Appendix B Percentage and per-unit quantities.- Appendix C Transformations of three-phase quantities.- C.1 Voltage, current and impedance transformation.- C.2 Transformation into symmetrical components.- C.3 Other transformations.- References.- Appendix D The determination of power-system behaviour using symmetrical components.- D.1 Sequence impedances.- D.1.1 Three-phase synchronous machines.- D.1.2 Transformers.- D.1.3 Overhead lines and cables.- D.1.4 The effects of physical asymmetry.- D.2 Sequence networks.- D.2.1 Earthing of neutral points.- D.2.2 Transformer connections.- D.3 The interconnection of sequence networks.- D.3.1 Balanced three-phase normal or fault conditions.- D.3.2 Conditions when a phase-to-phase fault is present.- D.3.3 Conditions when a single phase to earth fault is present.- D.3.4 Impedances used in sequence networks.- D.4 Numerical example.- D.4.1 Short-circuit between phases 'b' and 'c' and earth.- D.4.2 Short-circuit between phase 'a' and earth.- Reference.- Concluding remarks.