Fluorescence Spectroscopy

1. New Methods in Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 1. Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Where We Are and Where We're Going.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Marriage of Luminescence Spectroscopy With Separation Methods.- 3 Improvement of Selectivity Based Upon Narrow-Band Excitation.- 3.1 Fluorescence Line Narrowing (FLN) Spectroscopy..- 3.2 Shpol'skii Spectroscopy.- 3.3 Matrix Isolation Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 3.4 Supersonic Jet Spectroscopy.- 4 Fiber Optic Sensors - Non-Destructive Spectroscopy..- 5 Semiconductor Lasers.- 6 References.- 2. Interactions and Kinetics of Single Molecules as Observed by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Experimental Set up.- 3 Theoretical Background.- 4 Results.- 4.1 Translational Diffusion.- 4.2 Rotational Diffusion.- 4.3 Molecular Interactions and Kinetics.- 4.4 Single Molecule Events.- 5 Conclusions.- 6 References.- 3. Fast Optical Imaging Techniques.- 1 Introduction.- 2 High Speed Imaging Technologies.- 2.1 Resolution.- 2.2 Sensitivity.- 2.3 Dynamic Range.- 3 Imaging System Components.- 4 Examples of Detector Systems.- 4.1 Standard Silicon Photodiodes.- 4.2 Vidicon TV Cameras.- 4.3 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCD).- 5 Conclusions.- 4. Kinetic Studies on Fluorescence Probes Using Synchrotron Radiation.- 1 Introduction: Adiabatic Photochemical Product Formation and Fluorescence Probes.- 2 Fluorescence Kinetics and Its Application to TICT States.- 2.1 The Principle of TICT States.- 2.2 The Time Structure of Synchrotron Radiation.- 3 How to Construct TICT Fluorescence Probes.- 3.1 Principal Approaches.- 4 TICT Probes in Biology.- 5 Application of TICT and Other Relaxing Probes in Liquid and Rigid Media.- 6 Proton Transfer Fluorescence Probes.- 7 References.- 5. Dynamics and Geometry in Dimeric Flavoproteins from Fluorescence Relaxation Spectroscopy.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Lipoamide Dehydrogenase and Glutathione Reductase as Biophysical Systems.- 3 Fluorescence Methodology.- 3.1 Molecular Relaxation Spectroscopy.- 3.2 Fluorescence Lifetime Distributions.- 4 Examples.- 5 Conclusions.- 6 References.- 6. Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Light Scattering Materials.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Spatial Intensity Distribution of Fluorescence and Determination of Fluorescence Yields.- 3 Sensitivity and Concentration Dependence of Fluorimetric Analysis.- 4 Chemical Interactions Between Fluorophore and Substrate.- 5 Problems of Quantitative Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 5.1 Reabsorption and Reemission.- 5.2 Inhomogeneous Distribution of the Fluorophores..- 5.3 Reflectance Spectroscopy of Fluorescent Samples..- 6 References.- 7. Optical Sensors Based on Fluorescence Quenching.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Some Principles of Fluorescence Quenching.- 3 Oxygen Sensors.- 4 Halothane Sensor.- 5 Sulphur Dioxide Sensor.- 6 Halide Sensors.- 7 Humidity Sensor.- 8 Oxygen Sensors as Transducers.- 8.1 Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors.- 8.2 Glucose Sensors.- 8.3 Other Biosensors.- 9 Applications.- 10 Future Aspects.- 11 References.- 2. New Applications of Fluorometry.- 8. Fluorescence in Forest Decline Studies.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Materials and Methods.- 2.1 Plant Materials.- 2.2 Measuring Devices.- 3 Results and Discussion.- 3.1 Chlorophyll Content.- 3.2 Fluorescence Spectra.- 3.3 Picosecond Kinetics.- 3.4 Long Term Delayed Luminescence (LDL).- 3.5 Induction Kinetics of Delayed Luminescence.- 4 Resume.- 5 References.- 9. Fluorescence Microscopy Studies of Structure Formation in Surfactant Monolayers.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Principles of the Microfiuorescence Technique.- 3 Investigations on the Plane Water Surface.- 3.1 Domain Superlattice.- 3.2 Domain Shape and Size.- 3.3 Number of Domains.- 4 Investigations During the Hydrophilic Langmuir-Blodgett Transfer.- 4.1 Substrate-Mediated Condensation with a Stationary Substrate.- 4.2 Morphological Instabilities of the LC Growth Front.- 4.3 Substrate-Mediated Condensation and Local Dye Distribution During Continuous LB-Transfer.- 5 Conclusions.- 6 References.- 10. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging and Application to Ca2+ Imaging.- Abbreviations.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Creation of Lifetime Images.- 3 Instrumentation for FLIM.- 4 Experimental Methods.- 5 Results.- 5.1 FLIM of Lifetime Standards.- 5.2 FLIM of Quin-2.- 5.3 Phase Suppression Imaging of Ca2+.- 6 Discussion.- 7 References.- 11. Ether Phospholipids in Membranes: Applications of Phase and Steady-State Fluorometry.- 12. Pyrene-Labelled Lipids as Fluorescent Probes in Studies on Biomembranes and Membrane Models.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Basic Photophysics of Pyrene and Its Lipid Derivatives..- 3 Studies on Lipid Dynamics.- 3.1 Phospholipid Phase Separation.- 3.2 Formation of Lipid Superlattices.- 3.3 Estimation of Liposome Equilibrium Lateral Surface Pressure.- 4 Peripheral Ligand-Membrane Interactions.- 4.1 Formation of Superlattices of Membrane-Bound Cytochrome c.- 4.2 Binding of Polysomes to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Membrane.- 5 Future Perspectives.- 6 References.- 13. Optical Detection of Intracellular Ion Concentrations.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Theory of Color Change.- 3 Calibration Curve.- 4 How to Bring the Indicator Dye into the Cell.- 5 How Fluorescence is Measured.- 6 Limitations.- 6.1 Temporal Resolution.- 6.2 Spatial Resolution.- 6.3 Temporal and Spatial Resolution.- 7 Conclusion.- 8 References.- 3. Fluorimetric Analysis.- 14. Analytical Applications of Very Near-IR Fluorimetry.- 1 Introduction.- 2 VNIR Fluorophores.- 2.1 XantheneDyes.- 2.2 Phenoxazine Dyes.- 2.3 Carbocyanine and Merocyanine Dyes.- 3 Instrumentation.- 4 Results and Applications.- 5 Conclusions.- 6 References.- 15. Fluorescence Detection in Flow Injection Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Reactions Involved.- 3 Types of Manifold.- 4 Continuous Separation Techniques Coupled to FI Systems.- 5 (Bio)Chemical Fluorimetric Sensors in FI Systems.- 6 Final Remarks.- 7 References.- 16. Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Environmental and Hydrological Sciences.- 1 Introduction.- 2 EEM Studies, Multi-Component Analysis, Spectral Signatures, and "Fingerprinting".- 3 Non-EEM Fluorescence Methods.- 4 Determination of Humic Dissociation Constants.- 5 Physical Characteristics and Fluorophore Composition of Fulvic and Humic Acids.- 6 Hydrologie Transport of Phenol and p-Cresol in the South Platte River Colorado.- 7 Gas Chromatographic Measurements.- 8 Fluorescence Measurements and Results.- 9 Pattern Recognition.- 10 Semi-Quantitative Method for Calculaton of Known Materials in EEM Spectra.- 11 EEM Spectra of Humic Fractions.- 12 Groundwater Pollution Mechanisms.- 13 Conclusions.- 14 References.- 4. Fluorescence Immunoassay.- 17. Fluorescence Polarisation Immunoassay.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Fluorescence Polarisation.- 3 Fluorophores.- 4 Design and Screening of Tracers.- 5 Summary.- 6 References.- 18. Progress in Delayed Fluorescence Immunoassay.- Abbreviations.- 1 Time-Resolved Fluorometry.- 2 Long-Decay-Time Luminescent Probes.- 2.1 Chelate Labels.- 3 Time-Resolved Fluoroimmunoassays.- 3.1 Fluorescence Enhancement Based Assays.- 3.2 Chelate Saturation Techniques.- 3.3 Assays with Stable Fluorescent Chelate Labels.- 4 Double-, Triple- and Quadruple-Label Assays.- 5 Homogeneous Assays.- 6 DNA Hybridization Assays.- 7 Future Prospects.- 8 References.- 19. Chemiluminescence Detection in Immunochemical Techniques. Applications to Environmental Monitoring.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Chemiluminescent Labels in Immunoassays.- 2.1 Transient Labels.- 2.2 Enzyme Labels.- 2.3 Advantages of Enzyme Labels.- 2.4 Disadvantages of Enzyme Labels.- 2.5 Comparison of Enzyme Labels.- 3 Detection of Chemiluminescence.- 3.1 Luminometers.- 3.2 Other Detection Devices.- 4 Applications to Environmental Monitoring.- 4.1 Immunoassays.- 4.2 Biotransformation Enzymes.- 4.3 Luminous Bacteria.- 4.4 Hygiene Monitoring.- 5 Conclusions.- 6 References.- 5. Fluorescence in Biomedical Sciences.- 20. Fluorescence Transients in Neurobiology: Applications of Voltage Sensitive and Ion Indicator Dyes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Voltage Sensitive Dyes.- 3 Calcium Indicator Dyes.- 4 Sodium Indicator Dyes.- 5 Ion Diffusion.- 6 Imaging Technology.- 7 Future Directions.- 8 References.- 21. Optical Monitoring of Postsynaptic Potential in the Early Embryonic Avian Brain Stem Using a Voltage-Sensitive Dye.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Optical Methods for Monitoring Cellular Electrical Activity..- 2.1 Voltage-Sensitive Dyes.- 2.2 Optical Recording System.- 3 Embryonic Chick Brain Stem Preparations.- 4 Optical Detection of Evoked Action Potentials.- 5 Postsynaptic Potential Signals.- 5.1 Synaptic Fatigue.- 5.2 Effects of External Ca2+.- 6 Evidence for Glutaminergic EPSPs.- 7 Discussion.- 8 References.