Europe and the Making of Modernity

Preface by Robin Winks
Introduction
Modernity
Eighteenth-century Background
The Enlightenment
The French Revolution
1. Restoration and Revolution, 1815-1840
The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815
The Persistence of Revolution, 1820-1823
Serbian and Greek Independence, 1804-1829
The Decembrist Revolt in Russia, 1825
The Revolutions of 1830
France
National Independence in Belgium
Nationalist Revolutions in Poland, Italy, and Germany
Reform without Revolution: Great Britain
The Counter Revolution in Russia
The Lessons of 1830
2. Romanticism
An Age of Feeling and Poetry, 1790-1830
Music
Painting
Architecture
Religion and Philosophy
Romantic Nationalism and the Return of the Past
Melodrama and Popular Romanticism
3. The Industrial Age Begins
Industrial Growth
Precursors: Agriculture, Demography, and Markets
Momentum
Trains: The Ultimate Machine
Why Britain?
The Challenge of Industrialization
France
Germany
Italy
Austria
The Balkans
"Core-Periphery" Industrialization
Russia
4. Social Change and Social Life
Class
Population Growth and Redistribution
Rural Society
Peasants
Rural Elites
Cities
Workers
Social Mobility
Middle Classes
Religious Minorities
5. Ideas and Ideologies
Conservatism
Liberalism
Economic Liberalism
Utilitarian Liberalism
Humantarian Liberalism
Toward Democracy: The Vote
Socialism
Utopian Socialism
Karl Marx and Marxism
Marxism after 1848
Apostles of Violence and Non-Violence
Anarchists
Christian Socialists and Christian Democrats
Mass Political Movements
6. The Revolutions of 1848
Causes
Nationalism in the 1840s
Political Activism
The Hungry Forties
The Revolutions of 1848
France
Italy
Germany
Austrian Empire
Great Britain and Russia
Consequences of 1848
7. Building the Modern Nation-State, 1850-1880
The Crimean War
France: The Second Empire
Unification of Italy and Germany
Italy
Germany
The Paris Commune
Germany: The Nation-State
The Habsburg Empire
Compromise and the Dual Monarchy
The Nationality Question under the Dual Monarchy: Austria
The Nationality Question under the Dual Monarchy: Hungary
New States in Ottoman Europe
Poles of Reform
The Russian Empire and the Great Reforms
Great Britain and the Cult of Progress
8. Realism, Reason, and Respectability
The Economic Boom and Second Industrial Revolution
France and Germany
Russia and Italy
Austria-Hungary
Urbanization and Migration
Respectability
Darwinism, 1859-1871
Realism in the Arts
Literature
Music
Painting
Sculpture, Monument, Architecture
Photography
9. The Age of Imperialism, 1870-1914
Motives for Imperialism
Money
Power
Security
Ideology
British Rule in India
Imperialism in East Asia
The "Scramble for Africa"
Conflicts in Africa After Partition
Fashoda
The Boer War
Russia: Between Nation and Empire
Imperialism at Home
Mass Nationalism and Racism
Economic and Political Consequences of Imperialism
10. Challenges to Modernity, 1890-1914
City Life: Fin de siecle and Belle Epoque
Growth of the Urban Population
The Workers' Challenge
The Women's Challenge
Leisure and Mass Culture
The Cultural Challenge: Modernism
Painting
Music
The Other Arts
Modern Scientific Theory: Discontinuity, Randomness, and Relativity
Social Sciences
11. Political Polarization and Conflict, 1870-1914
Imperial Germany, 1880-1914
Great Britain: Protest on Three Fronts, 1867-1914
France: The Third Republic, 1870-1914
Italy after Unification, 1870-1914
Russian Reaction and Revolution, 1881-1914
The Revolution of 1905
The Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1867-1914
Conflicts among Nationalities
The Road to War