College Physics
United States Edition
6th Edition
Published on 16. February 2006
Book
Mixed media product
1048 pages
978-0-13-149579-1 (ISBN)
Description
Appropriate for a two-term algebra-based physics course.
The Sixth Edition of this text places an even stronger emphasis on the biomedical applications, while continuing to present fundamental physics concepts in a clear and concise manner.
The Sixth Edition of this text places an even stronger emphasis on the biomedical applications, while continuing to present fundamental physics concepts in a clear and concise manner.
More details
Edition
6th edition
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
Pearson Education (US)
Target group
Professional and scholarly
Dimensions
Height: 286 mm
Width: 283 mm
Thickness: 38 mm
Weight
2414 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-13-149579-1 (9780131495791)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
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Content
Preface XV
1 Measurement and Problem Solving 1
Insight: 1.1 Why Study Physics? 2
1.1 Why and How We Measure 2
1.2 SI Units of Length, Mass, and Time 3
Insight: 1.2 What Is Time? 6
1.3 More about the Metric System 7
1.4 Unit Analysis 10
1.5 Unit Conversions 12
Insight: 1.3 Is Unit Conversion Important? 16
1.6 Significant Figures 17
1.7 Problem Solving 20
Chapter Review 24 Exercises 25
2 Kinematics: Description of Motion 32
2.1 Distance and Speed: Scalar Quantities 33
2.2 One-Dimensional Displacement and Velocity: Vector Quantities 35
Learn by Drawing: Cartesian Coordinates and One-Dimensional Displacement 35
2.3 Acceleration 40
Learn by Drawing: Signs of Velocity and Acceleration 42
2.4 Kinematic Equations (Constant Acceleration) 45
2.5 Free Fall 49
Insight: 2.1 Galileo Galilei and the Leaning Tower of Pisa 51
Chapter Review 56 Exercises 57
3 Motion in Two Dimensions 67
3.1 Components of Motion 68
3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction 73
Learn by Drawing: Make a Sketch and Add Them Up 80
3.3 Projectile Motion 81
3.4 Relative Velocity 90
Chapter Review 94 Exercises 95
4 Force and Motion 103
4.1 The Concepts of Force and Net Force 104
4.2 Inertia and Newton's First Law of Motion 105
4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 106
Insight: 4.1 g's of Force and Effects on the Human Body 108
4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion 112
Insight: 4.2 Sailing into the Wind-Tacking 115
4.5 More on Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams and Translational Equilibrium 116
Learn by Drawing: Forces on an Object on an Inclined Plane and Free-body Diagrams 116
4.6 Friction 121
Chapter Review 130 Exercises 131
5 Work and Energy 140
5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force 141
Learn by Drawing: Work: Area under the F-versus-x Curve 142
Learn by Drawing: Determining the Sign of Work 143
5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force 145
5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy 148
5.4 Potential Energy 152
5.5 Conservation of Energy 155
Insight: 5.1 People Power: Using Body Energy 156
Learn by Drawing: Energy Exchanges: A Falling Ball 161
5.6 Power 164
Insight: 5.2 Hybrid Energy Conversion 164
Chapter Review 168 Exercises 169
6 Linear Momentum and Collisions 177
6.1 Linear Momentum 178
6.2 Impulse 182
6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 185
Insight: 6.1 The Automobile Air Bag and Martian Air Bags 186
6.4 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions 191
6.5 Center of Mass 198
6.6 Jet Propulsion and Rockets 204
Chapter Review 207 Exercises 207
7 Circular Motion and Gravitation 216
7.1 Angular Measure 217
7.2 Angular Speed and Velocity 219
Learn by Drawing: The Small-Angle Approximation 219
7.3 Uniform Circular Motion and Centripetal Acceleration 223
Insight: 7.1 The Centrifuge: Separating Blood Components 225
7.4 Angular Acceleration 228
7.5 Newton's Law of Gravitation 231
Insight: 7.2 Space Exploration: Gravity Assists 238
7.6 Kepler's Laws and Earth Satellites 238
Insight: 7.3 "Weightlessness": Effects on the Human Body 245
Chapter Review 247 Exercises 248
8 Rotational Motion and Equilibrium 256
8.1 Rigid Bodies, Translations, and Rotations 257
8.2 Torque, Equilibrium, and Stability 259
8.3 Rotational Dynamics 270
Insight: 8.1 Stability in Action 271
8.4 Rotational Work and Kinetic Energy 277
8.5 Angular Momentum 280
Insight: 8.2 Slide or Roll to a Stop? Antilock Brakes 281
Chapter Review 287 Exercises 288
9 Solids and Fluids 297
9.1 Solids and Elastic Moduli 298
9.2 Fluids: Pressure and Pascal's Principle 302
Insight: 9.1 Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) 304
Insight: 9.2 An Atmospheric Effect: Possible Earaches 311
Insight: 9.3 Blood Pressure and Its Measurement 312
9.3 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle 313
9.4 Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation 319
*9.5 Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Poiseuille's Law 324
Insight: 9.4 The Lungs and Baby's First Breath 325
Chapter Review 329 Exercises 330
10 Temperature and Kinetic Theory 338
10.1 Temperature and Heat 339
10.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales 340
Insight: 10.1 Human Body Temperature 343
10.3 Gas Laws, Absolute Temperature, and the Kelvin Temperature Scale 343
Insight: 10.2 Warm-Blooded versus Cold-Blooded 344
10.4 Thermal Expansion 350
Learn by Drawing: Thermal Area Expansion 351
10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 354
Insight: 10.3 Physiological Diffusion in Life Processes 357
*10.6 Kinetic Theory, Diatomic Gases, and the Equipartition Theorem 357
Chapter Review 360 Exercises 361
11 Heat 367
11.1 Definition and Units of Heat 368
11.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry 370
11.3 Phase Changes and Latent Heat 374
Learn by Drawing: From Cold Ice to Hot Steam 377
11.4 Heat Transfer 379
Insight: 11.1 Physiological Regulation of Body Temperature 380
Insight: 11.2 Physics, the Construction Industry, and Energy Conservation 384
Insight: 11.3 The Greenhouse Effect 388
Chapter Review 390 Exercises 391
12 Thermodynamics 397
12.1 Thermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes 398
12.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 399
12.3 Thermodynamic Processes for an Ideal Gas 403
Learn by Drawing: Leaning on Isotherms 409
12.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy 410
Insight: 12.1 Life, Order, and the Second Law 414
12.5 Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps 414
Learn by Drawing: Representing Work in Thermal Cycles 415
Insight: 12.2 Thermodynamics and the Human Body 420
12.6 The Carnot Cycle and Ideal Heat Engines 422
Chapter Review 425 Exercises 426
13 Vibrations and Waves 433
13.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 434
Learn by Drawing: Oscillating in a Parabolic Potential Well 437
13.2 Equations of Motion 439
13.3 Wave Motion 446
13.4 Wave Properties 449
Insight: 13.1 Earthquakes, Seismic Waves, and Seismology 450
13.5 Standing Waves and Resonance 454
Insight: 13.2 Desirable and Undesirable Resonances 458
Chapter Review 459 Exercises 460
14 Sound 467
14.1 Sound Waves 468
Insight: 14.1 Ultrasound in Medicine 470
14.2 The Speed of Sound 471
14.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level 474
Insight: 14.2 The Physiology and Physics of the Ear and Hearing 475
14.4 Sound Phenomena 481
14.5 The Doppler Effect 484
Insight: 14.3 Doppler Applications: Blood Cells and Raindrops 490
14.6 Musical Instruments and Sound Characteristics 491
Chapter Review 496 Exercises 498
15 Electric Charge, Forces, and Fields 505
15.1 Electric Charge 506
15.2 Electrostatic Charging 508
15.3 Electric Force 512
15.4 Electric Field 517
Learn by Drawing: Using the Superposition Principle to Determine the Electric Field Direction 518
Learn by Drawing: Sketching Electric Lines of Force 521
Insight: 15.1 Lightning and Lightning Rods 523
Insight: 15.2 Electric Fields in Law Enforcement and Nature: Stun Guns and Electric Fish 524
15.5 Conductors and Electric Fields 526
*15.6 Gauss's Law for Electric Fields: A Qualitative Approach 528
Chapter Review 529 Exercises 530
16 Electric Potential, Energy, and Capacitance 536
16.1 Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential Difference 537
Learn by Drawing: cV Is Independent of Reference Point 538
16.2 Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field 543
Learn by Drawing: Graphical Relationship between Electric Field Lines and Equipotentials 547
16.3 Capacitance 549
Insight: 16.1 Electric Potential and Nerve Signal Transmission 552
16.4 Dielectrics 552
16.5 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel 557
Chapter Review 561 Exercises 562
17 Electric Current and Resistance 568
17.1 Batteries and Direct Current 569
Learn by Drawing: Sketching Circuits 571
17.2 Current and Drift Velocity 571
17.3 Resistance and Ohm's Law 573
Insight: 17.1 The "Bio-Generation" of High Voltage 575
Insight: 17.2 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) 578
17.4 Electric Power 580
Chapter Review 585 Exercises 586
18 Basic Electric Circuits 591
18.1 Resistances in Series, Parallel, and Series-Parallel Combinations 592
18.2 Multiloop Circuits and Kirchhoff's Rules 599
Learn by Drawing: Kirchhoff Plots: A Graphical Interpretation of Kirchhoff's Loop Theorem 602
18.3 RC Circuits 604
18.4 Ammeters and Voltmeters 607
Insight: 18.1 Applications of RC Circuits to Cardiac Medicine 608
18.5 Household Circuits and Electrical Safety 611
Insight: 18.2 Electricity and Personal Safety 614
Chapter Review 615 Exercises 616
19 Magnetism 623
19.1 Magnets, Magnetic Poles, and Magnetic Field Direction 624
19.2 Magnetic Field Strength and Magnetic Force 626
19.3 Applications: Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields 629
19.4 Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires 632
19.5 Applications: Current-Carrying Wires in Magnetic Fields 635
19.6 Electromagnetism: The Source of Magnetic Fields 637
19.7 Magnetic Materials 641
Insight: 19.1 The Magnetic Force in Future Medicine 642
*19.8 Geomagnetism: The Earth's Magnetic Field 644
Insight: 19.2 Magnetism in Nature 645
Chapter Review 647 Exercises 648
20 Electromagnetic Induction and Waves 656
20.1 Induced emf: Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 657
20.2 Electric Generators and Back emf 663
Insight: 20.1 Electromagnetic Induction at Work: Flashlights and Antiterrorism 664
Insight: 20.2 Electromagnetic Induction at Play: Hobbies and Transportation 666
20.3 Transformers and Power Transmission 668
20.4 Electromagnetic Waves 672
Chapter Review 679 Exercises 679
21 AC Circuits 686
21.1 Resistance in an AC Circuit 687
21.2 Capacitive Reactance 689
21.3 Inductive Reactance 691
21.4 Impedance: RLC Circuits 693
21.5 Circuit Resonance 697
Insight: 21.1 Oscillator Circuits: Broadcasters of Electromagnetic Radiation 699
Chapter Review 700 Exercises 701
22 Reflection and Refraction of Light 705
22.1 Wave Fronts and Rays 706
22.2 Reflection 707
22.3 Refraction 708
Learn by Drawing: Tracing the Reflected Rays 708
Insight: 22.1 A Dark, Rainy Night 709
Insight: 22.2 Negative Index of Refraction and the "Perfect" Lens 715
22.4 Total Internal Reflection and Fiber Optics 717
Insight: 22.3 Fiber Optics: Medical Applications 720
22.5 Dispersion 721
Insight: 22.4 The Rainbow 722
Chapter Review 723 Exercises 724
23 Mirrors and Lenses 729
23.1 Plane Mirrors 730
23.2 Spherical Mirrors 732
Insight: 23.1 It's All Done with Mirrors 733
Learn by Drawing: A Mirror Ray Diagram (see Example 23.2) 734
23.3 Lenses 740
Learn by Drawing: A Lens Ray Diagram (see Example 23.5) 743
Insight: 23.2 Fresnel Lenses 748
23.4 The Lens Maker's Equation 750
*23.5 Lens Aberrations 752
Chapter Review 753 Exercises 754
24 Physical Optics: The Wave Nature of Light 760
24.1 Young's Double-Slit Experiment 761
24.2 Thin-Film Interference 764
Insight: 24.1 Nonreflecting Lenses 768
24.3 Diffraction 768
24.4 Polarization 775
Learn by Drawing: Three Polarizers (see Integrated Example 24.6.) 778
*24.5 Atmospheric Scattering of Light 782
Insight: 24.2 LCDs and Polarized Light 783
Insight: 24.3 Optical Biopsy 785
Chapter Review 785 Exercises 786
25 Vision and Optical Instruments 792
25.1 The Human Eye 793
Insight: 25.1 Cornea "Orthodontics" and Surgery 797
25.2 Microscopes 799
25.3 Telescopes 803
25.4 Diffraction and Resolution 807
Insight: 25.2 Telescopes Using Nonvisible Radiation 808
*25.5 Color 810
Chapter Review 813 Exercises 814
26 Relativity 819
26.1 Classical Relativity and the Michelson-Morley Experiment 820
26.2 The Postulates of Special Relativity and the Relativity of Simultaneity 822
26.3 The Relativity of Length and Time: Time Dilation and Length Contraction 825
26.4 Relativistic Kinetic Energy, Momentum, Total Energy, and Mass-Energy Equivalence 833
26.5 The General Theory of Relativity 837
Insight: 26.1 Relativity in Everyday Living 838
*26.6 Relativistic Velocity Addition 841
Insight: 26.2 Black Holes, Gravitational Waves, and LIGO 842
Chapter Review 844 Exercises 845
27 Quantum Physics 851
27.1 Quantization: Planck's Hypothesis 852
27.2 Quanta of Light: Photons and the Photoelectric Effect 854
Learn by Drawing: The Photoelectric Effect and Energy Conservation 856
27.3 Quantum "Particles": The Compton Effect 858
27.4 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 860
27.5 A Quantum Success: The Laser 866
Insight: 27.1 CD and DVD Systems 869
Insight: 27.2 Lasers in Modern Medicine 870
Chapter Review 871 Exercises 873
28 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Physics 877
28.1 Matter Waves: The de Broglie Hypothesis 878
28.2 The Schroedinger Wave Equation 881
Insight: 28.1 The Electron Microscope 883
Insight: 28.2 The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) 884
28.3 Atomic Quantum Numbers and the Periodic Table 885
Insight: 28.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 888
28.4 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 894
28.5 Particles and Antiparticles 896
Chapter Review 897 Exercises 898
29 The Nucleus 902
29.1 Nuclear Structure and the Nuclear Force 903
29.2 Radioactivity 906
29.3 Decay Rate and Half-Life 911
29.4 Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy 917
29.5 Radiation Detection, Dosage, and Applications 922
Insight: 29.1 Biological and Medical Applications of Radiation 927
Chapter Review 929 Exercises 930
30 Nuclear Reactions and Elementary Particles 935
30.1 Nuclear Reactions 936
30.2 Nuclear Fission 939
30.3 Nuclear Fusion 944
30.4 Beta Decay and the Neutrino 946
30.5 Fundamental Forces and Exchange Particles 948
30.6 Elementary Particles 951
30.7 The Quark Model 953
30.8 Force Unification Theories, the Standard Model, and the Early Universe 954
Chapter Review 956 Exercises 957
APPENDIX I Mathematical Review (with Examples) for College Physics A-1
APPENDIX II Kinetic Theory of Gases A-5
APPENDIX III Planetary Data A-6
APPENDIX IV Alphabetical Listing of the Chemical Elements A-7
APPENDIX V Properties of Selected Isotopes A-7
Answers to Follow-Up Exercises A-10
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-18
Photo Credits P-1
Index I-1
1 Measurement and Problem Solving 1
Insight: 1.1 Why Study Physics? 2
1.1 Why and How We Measure 2
1.2 SI Units of Length, Mass, and Time 3
Insight: 1.2 What Is Time? 6
1.3 More about the Metric System 7
1.4 Unit Analysis 10
1.5 Unit Conversions 12
Insight: 1.3 Is Unit Conversion Important? 16
1.6 Significant Figures 17
1.7 Problem Solving 20
Chapter Review 24 Exercises 25
2 Kinematics: Description of Motion 32
2.1 Distance and Speed: Scalar Quantities 33
2.2 One-Dimensional Displacement and Velocity: Vector Quantities 35
Learn by Drawing: Cartesian Coordinates and One-Dimensional Displacement 35
2.3 Acceleration 40
Learn by Drawing: Signs of Velocity and Acceleration 42
2.4 Kinematic Equations (Constant Acceleration) 45
2.5 Free Fall 49
Insight: 2.1 Galileo Galilei and the Leaning Tower of Pisa 51
Chapter Review 56 Exercises 57
3 Motion in Two Dimensions 67
3.1 Components of Motion 68
3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction 73
Learn by Drawing: Make a Sketch and Add Them Up 80
3.3 Projectile Motion 81
3.4 Relative Velocity 90
Chapter Review 94 Exercises 95
4 Force and Motion 103
4.1 The Concepts of Force and Net Force 104
4.2 Inertia and Newton's First Law of Motion 105
4.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 106
Insight: 4.1 g's of Force and Effects on the Human Body 108
4.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion 112
Insight: 4.2 Sailing into the Wind-Tacking 115
4.5 More on Newton's Laws: Free-Body Diagrams and Translational Equilibrium 116
Learn by Drawing: Forces on an Object on an Inclined Plane and Free-body Diagrams 116
4.6 Friction 121
Chapter Review 130 Exercises 131
5 Work and Energy 140
5.1 Work Done by a Constant Force 141
Learn by Drawing: Work: Area under the F-versus-x Curve 142
Learn by Drawing: Determining the Sign of Work 143
5.2 Work Done by a Variable Force 145
5.3 The Work-Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy 148
5.4 Potential Energy 152
5.5 Conservation of Energy 155
Insight: 5.1 People Power: Using Body Energy 156
Learn by Drawing: Energy Exchanges: A Falling Ball 161
5.6 Power 164
Insight: 5.2 Hybrid Energy Conversion 164
Chapter Review 168 Exercises 169
6 Linear Momentum and Collisions 177
6.1 Linear Momentum 178
6.2 Impulse 182
6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum 185
Insight: 6.1 The Automobile Air Bag and Martian Air Bags 186
6.4 Elastic and Inelastic Collisions 191
6.5 Center of Mass 198
6.6 Jet Propulsion and Rockets 204
Chapter Review 207 Exercises 207
7 Circular Motion and Gravitation 216
7.1 Angular Measure 217
7.2 Angular Speed and Velocity 219
Learn by Drawing: The Small-Angle Approximation 219
7.3 Uniform Circular Motion and Centripetal Acceleration 223
Insight: 7.1 The Centrifuge: Separating Blood Components 225
7.4 Angular Acceleration 228
7.5 Newton's Law of Gravitation 231
Insight: 7.2 Space Exploration: Gravity Assists 238
7.6 Kepler's Laws and Earth Satellites 238
Insight: 7.3 "Weightlessness": Effects on the Human Body 245
Chapter Review 247 Exercises 248
8 Rotational Motion and Equilibrium 256
8.1 Rigid Bodies, Translations, and Rotations 257
8.2 Torque, Equilibrium, and Stability 259
8.3 Rotational Dynamics 270
Insight: 8.1 Stability in Action 271
8.4 Rotational Work and Kinetic Energy 277
8.5 Angular Momentum 280
Insight: 8.2 Slide or Roll to a Stop? Antilock Brakes 281
Chapter Review 287 Exercises 288
9 Solids and Fluids 297
9.1 Solids and Elastic Moduli 298
9.2 Fluids: Pressure and Pascal's Principle 302
Insight: 9.1 Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) 304
Insight: 9.2 An Atmospheric Effect: Possible Earaches 311
Insight: 9.3 Blood Pressure and Its Measurement 312
9.3 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle 313
9.4 Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation 319
*9.5 Surface Tension, Viscosity, and Poiseuille's Law 324
Insight: 9.4 The Lungs and Baby's First Breath 325
Chapter Review 329 Exercises 330
10 Temperature and Kinetic Theory 338
10.1 Temperature and Heat 339
10.2 The Celsius and Fahrenheit Temperature Scales 340
Insight: 10.1 Human Body Temperature 343
10.3 Gas Laws, Absolute Temperature, and the Kelvin Temperature Scale 343
Insight: 10.2 Warm-Blooded versus Cold-Blooded 344
10.4 Thermal Expansion 350
Learn by Drawing: Thermal Area Expansion 351
10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 354
Insight: 10.3 Physiological Diffusion in Life Processes 357
*10.6 Kinetic Theory, Diatomic Gases, and the Equipartition Theorem 357
Chapter Review 360 Exercises 361
11 Heat 367
11.1 Definition and Units of Heat 368
11.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry 370
11.3 Phase Changes and Latent Heat 374
Learn by Drawing: From Cold Ice to Hot Steam 377
11.4 Heat Transfer 379
Insight: 11.1 Physiological Regulation of Body Temperature 380
Insight: 11.2 Physics, the Construction Industry, and Energy Conservation 384
Insight: 11.3 The Greenhouse Effect 388
Chapter Review 390 Exercises 391
12 Thermodynamics 397
12.1 Thermodynamic Systems, States, and Processes 398
12.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 399
12.3 Thermodynamic Processes for an Ideal Gas 403
Learn by Drawing: Leaning on Isotherms 409
12.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy 410
Insight: 12.1 Life, Order, and the Second Law 414
12.5 Heat Engines and Thermal Pumps 414
Learn by Drawing: Representing Work in Thermal Cycles 415
Insight: 12.2 Thermodynamics and the Human Body 420
12.6 The Carnot Cycle and Ideal Heat Engines 422
Chapter Review 425 Exercises 426
13 Vibrations and Waves 433
13.1 Simple Harmonic Motion 434
Learn by Drawing: Oscillating in a Parabolic Potential Well 437
13.2 Equations of Motion 439
13.3 Wave Motion 446
13.4 Wave Properties 449
Insight: 13.1 Earthquakes, Seismic Waves, and Seismology 450
13.5 Standing Waves and Resonance 454
Insight: 13.2 Desirable and Undesirable Resonances 458
Chapter Review 459 Exercises 460
14 Sound 467
14.1 Sound Waves 468
Insight: 14.1 Ultrasound in Medicine 470
14.2 The Speed of Sound 471
14.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level 474
Insight: 14.2 The Physiology and Physics of the Ear and Hearing 475
14.4 Sound Phenomena 481
14.5 The Doppler Effect 484
Insight: 14.3 Doppler Applications: Blood Cells and Raindrops 490
14.6 Musical Instruments and Sound Characteristics 491
Chapter Review 496 Exercises 498
15 Electric Charge, Forces, and Fields 505
15.1 Electric Charge 506
15.2 Electrostatic Charging 508
15.3 Electric Force 512
15.4 Electric Field 517
Learn by Drawing: Using the Superposition Principle to Determine the Electric Field Direction 518
Learn by Drawing: Sketching Electric Lines of Force 521
Insight: 15.1 Lightning and Lightning Rods 523
Insight: 15.2 Electric Fields in Law Enforcement and Nature: Stun Guns and Electric Fish 524
15.5 Conductors and Electric Fields 526
*15.6 Gauss's Law for Electric Fields: A Qualitative Approach 528
Chapter Review 529 Exercises 530
16 Electric Potential, Energy, and Capacitance 536
16.1 Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential Difference 537
Learn by Drawing: cV Is Independent of Reference Point 538
16.2 Equipotential Surfaces and the Electric Field 543
Learn by Drawing: Graphical Relationship between Electric Field Lines and Equipotentials 547
16.3 Capacitance 549
Insight: 16.1 Electric Potential and Nerve Signal Transmission 552
16.4 Dielectrics 552
16.5 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel 557
Chapter Review 561 Exercises 562
17 Electric Current and Resistance 568
17.1 Batteries and Direct Current 569
Learn by Drawing: Sketching Circuits 571
17.2 Current and Drift Velocity 571
17.3 Resistance and Ohm's Law 573
Insight: 17.1 The "Bio-Generation" of High Voltage 575
Insight: 17.2 Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) 578
17.4 Electric Power 580
Chapter Review 585 Exercises 586
18 Basic Electric Circuits 591
18.1 Resistances in Series, Parallel, and Series-Parallel Combinations 592
18.2 Multiloop Circuits and Kirchhoff's Rules 599
Learn by Drawing: Kirchhoff Plots: A Graphical Interpretation of Kirchhoff's Loop Theorem 602
18.3 RC Circuits 604
18.4 Ammeters and Voltmeters 607
Insight: 18.1 Applications of RC Circuits to Cardiac Medicine 608
18.5 Household Circuits and Electrical Safety 611
Insight: 18.2 Electricity and Personal Safety 614
Chapter Review 615 Exercises 616
19 Magnetism 623
19.1 Magnets, Magnetic Poles, and Magnetic Field Direction 624
19.2 Magnetic Field Strength and Magnetic Force 626
19.3 Applications: Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields 629
19.4 Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires 632
19.5 Applications: Current-Carrying Wires in Magnetic Fields 635
19.6 Electromagnetism: The Source of Magnetic Fields 637
19.7 Magnetic Materials 641
Insight: 19.1 The Magnetic Force in Future Medicine 642
*19.8 Geomagnetism: The Earth's Magnetic Field 644
Insight: 19.2 Magnetism in Nature 645
Chapter Review 647 Exercises 648
20 Electromagnetic Induction and Waves 656
20.1 Induced emf: Faraday's Law and Lenz's Law 657
20.2 Electric Generators and Back emf 663
Insight: 20.1 Electromagnetic Induction at Work: Flashlights and Antiterrorism 664
Insight: 20.2 Electromagnetic Induction at Play: Hobbies and Transportation 666
20.3 Transformers and Power Transmission 668
20.4 Electromagnetic Waves 672
Chapter Review 679 Exercises 679
21 AC Circuits 686
21.1 Resistance in an AC Circuit 687
21.2 Capacitive Reactance 689
21.3 Inductive Reactance 691
21.4 Impedance: RLC Circuits 693
21.5 Circuit Resonance 697
Insight: 21.1 Oscillator Circuits: Broadcasters of Electromagnetic Radiation 699
Chapter Review 700 Exercises 701
22 Reflection and Refraction of Light 705
22.1 Wave Fronts and Rays 706
22.2 Reflection 707
22.3 Refraction 708
Learn by Drawing: Tracing the Reflected Rays 708
Insight: 22.1 A Dark, Rainy Night 709
Insight: 22.2 Negative Index of Refraction and the "Perfect" Lens 715
22.4 Total Internal Reflection and Fiber Optics 717
Insight: 22.3 Fiber Optics: Medical Applications 720
22.5 Dispersion 721
Insight: 22.4 The Rainbow 722
Chapter Review 723 Exercises 724
23 Mirrors and Lenses 729
23.1 Plane Mirrors 730
23.2 Spherical Mirrors 732
Insight: 23.1 It's All Done with Mirrors 733
Learn by Drawing: A Mirror Ray Diagram (see Example 23.2) 734
23.3 Lenses 740
Learn by Drawing: A Lens Ray Diagram (see Example 23.5) 743
Insight: 23.2 Fresnel Lenses 748
23.4 The Lens Maker's Equation 750
*23.5 Lens Aberrations 752
Chapter Review 753 Exercises 754
24 Physical Optics: The Wave Nature of Light 760
24.1 Young's Double-Slit Experiment 761
24.2 Thin-Film Interference 764
Insight: 24.1 Nonreflecting Lenses 768
24.3 Diffraction 768
24.4 Polarization 775
Learn by Drawing: Three Polarizers (see Integrated Example 24.6.) 778
*24.5 Atmospheric Scattering of Light 782
Insight: 24.2 LCDs and Polarized Light 783
Insight: 24.3 Optical Biopsy 785
Chapter Review 785 Exercises 786
25 Vision and Optical Instruments 792
25.1 The Human Eye 793
Insight: 25.1 Cornea "Orthodontics" and Surgery 797
25.2 Microscopes 799
25.3 Telescopes 803
25.4 Diffraction and Resolution 807
Insight: 25.2 Telescopes Using Nonvisible Radiation 808
*25.5 Color 810
Chapter Review 813 Exercises 814
26 Relativity 819
26.1 Classical Relativity and the Michelson-Morley Experiment 820
26.2 The Postulates of Special Relativity and the Relativity of Simultaneity 822
26.3 The Relativity of Length and Time: Time Dilation and Length Contraction 825
26.4 Relativistic Kinetic Energy, Momentum, Total Energy, and Mass-Energy Equivalence 833
26.5 The General Theory of Relativity 837
Insight: 26.1 Relativity in Everyday Living 838
*26.6 Relativistic Velocity Addition 841
Insight: 26.2 Black Holes, Gravitational Waves, and LIGO 842
Chapter Review 844 Exercises 845
27 Quantum Physics 851
27.1 Quantization: Planck's Hypothesis 852
27.2 Quanta of Light: Photons and the Photoelectric Effect 854
Learn by Drawing: The Photoelectric Effect and Energy Conservation 856
27.3 Quantum "Particles": The Compton Effect 858
27.4 The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 860
27.5 A Quantum Success: The Laser 866
Insight: 27.1 CD and DVD Systems 869
Insight: 27.2 Lasers in Modern Medicine 870
Chapter Review 871 Exercises 873
28 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Physics 877
28.1 Matter Waves: The de Broglie Hypothesis 878
28.2 The Schroedinger Wave Equation 881
Insight: 28.1 The Electron Microscope 883
Insight: 28.2 The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) 884
28.3 Atomic Quantum Numbers and the Periodic Table 885
Insight: 28.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 888
28.4 The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 894
28.5 Particles and Antiparticles 896
Chapter Review 897 Exercises 898
29 The Nucleus 902
29.1 Nuclear Structure and the Nuclear Force 903
29.2 Radioactivity 906
29.3 Decay Rate and Half-Life 911
29.4 Nuclear Stability and Binding Energy 917
29.5 Radiation Detection, Dosage, and Applications 922
Insight: 29.1 Biological and Medical Applications of Radiation 927
Chapter Review 929 Exercises 930
30 Nuclear Reactions and Elementary Particles 935
30.1 Nuclear Reactions 936
30.2 Nuclear Fission 939
30.3 Nuclear Fusion 944
30.4 Beta Decay and the Neutrino 946
30.5 Fundamental Forces and Exchange Particles 948
30.6 Elementary Particles 951
30.7 The Quark Model 953
30.8 Force Unification Theories, the Standard Model, and the Early Universe 954
Chapter Review 956 Exercises 957
APPENDIX I Mathematical Review (with Examples) for College Physics A-1
APPENDIX II Kinetic Theory of Gases A-5
APPENDIX III Planetary Data A-6
APPENDIX IV Alphabetical Listing of the Chemical Elements A-7
APPENDIX V Properties of Selected Isotopes A-7
Answers to Follow-Up Exercises A-10
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises A-18
Photo Credits P-1
Index I-1