Managing Measurement Risk in Building and Civil Engineering

Preface xix Author Biography xxiii Acknowledgements xxv Glossary xxvii Addendum xxxi Part 1 Measurement in Construction 1 1 The Role and Purpose of Measurement 3 1.2 The end of measurement or a new beginning? 5 1.3 How's your Latin? 7 1.4 Standardised measurement 10 1.5 Measurement: skill or art? 16 2 Measurement and Design 21 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Design 22 2.3 BIM 26 2.4 BIM quantities 32 3 Measurement Conventions 39 3.1 Traditional conventions 39 3.2 Modern conventions 46 3.3 B IM conventions 57 4 Approaches to Measurement 63 4.1 Measurement skills 64 4.2 Uses of measurement 64 4.3 Pareto principle 65 4.4 Measurement documentation 66 4.5 Formal bills of quantities 66 4.6 Formal quasi' bills of quantities 68 4.7 Formal 'operational' bills of quantities 77 4.8 Informal bills of quantities 78 4.9 Quantities risk transfer 81 4.10 Activity schedules 82 4.11 Price lists 94 4.12 Contract sum analyses 95 4.13 Schedules of actual cost 96 Part 2 Measurement Risk 103 5 New Rules of Measurement: NRM1 105 5.1 New rules: New approach 105 5.2 The status of NRM1 106 5.3 Structure of NRM1 108 5.4 Design cost control: Introduction 110 5.5 Design cost control: Techniques 113 5.6 Order of cost estimates 121 5.7 Cost planning 132 5.8 Part 4: Tabulated rules of measurement for elemental cost planning 148 6 New Rules of Measurement: NRM2 161 6.1 Introduction 161 6.2 What is NRM2? 164 6.3 Status of NRM2 165 6.4 NRM2 structure 166 6.5 Part 1: general 167 6.6 Definitions 169 6.7 Part 2: rules for detailed measurement of building works 178 6.8 Codification of bills of quantities 203 6.9 Part 3: Tabulated rules of measurement for building works 222 6.10 Tabulated work sections 235 7 Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement 265 7.1 Contract neutral 265 7.2 National standard neutral 266 7.3 Section 1: Definitions 266 7.4 Section 2: General principles 270 7.5 Section 3: Application of the work classification 273 7.6 Section 4: Coding and numbering of items 278 7.7 Section 5: Preparation of the Bill of Quantities 281 7.8 Section 6: Completion, pricing and use of the Bill of Quantities 293 7.9 Section 7: Method-related charges 295 7.10 Work classification 301 7.11 Class A: General items 302 7.12 Class B: Ground investigation 306 7.13 Class C: Geotechnical and other specialist processes 308 7.14 Class D: Demolition and site clearance 311 7.15 Class E: Earthworks 313 7.16 Class F: In situ concrete 323 7.17 Class G: Concrete ancillaries 326 7.18 Class H: Precast concrete 330 7.19 Class I: Pipework - pipes 332 7.20 Class J: Pipework - fittings and valves 338 7.21 Class K: Pipework - Manholes and Pipework Ancillaries 339 7.22 Class L: Pipework - supports and protection, ancillaries to laying and excavation 344 7.23 Class M: Structural metalwork 347 7.24 Class N: Miscellaneous metalwork 348 7.25 Class O: Timber 348 7.26 Class P: Piles 349 7.27 Class Q: Piling ancillaries 351 7.28 Class R: Roads and pavings 352 7.29 Class S: Rail track 354 7.30 Class T: Tunnels 356 7.31 Class U: Brickwork, blockwork and masonry 358 7.32 Class V: Painting 358 7.33 Class W: Waterproofing 359 7.34 Class X: Miscellaneous work 359 7.35 Class Y: Sewer and water main renovation and ancillary works 360 7.36 Class Z: Simple building works incidental to civil engineering works 361 8 Method of Measurement for Highway Works 363 8.1 Manual of Contract Documents for Highway Works 363 8.2 Design manual for roads and bridges 368 8.3 Highways England procurement 368 8.4 Measurement implications of procurement choices 370 8.5 Contractual arrangements 372 8.6 Specification for Highway Works 375 8.7 Method of Measurement for Highway Works 378 8.8 Item descriptions 391 8.9 Contractor design 396 8.10 Measurement and billing of contractor-designed elements 401 8.11 Measurement of highway works 409 8.12 Series 100: Preliminaries 409 8.13 Series 600: Earthworks 412 8.14 Series 500: Drainage and service ducts 429 8.15 Series 1600: Piling and embedded retaining walls 441 8.16 Series 1700: Structural concrete 443 8.17 Series 2700: Accommodation works, works for statutory undertakers, provisional sums and prime cost items 445 8.18 Other works 446 9 Principles of Measurement (International) 449 9.1 Introduction 449 9.2 Section GP: General Principles 452 9.3 Section A: General requirements 457 9.4 Section B: Site work 463 9.5 Section C: Concrete work 477 9.6 Section D: Masonry 479 9.7 Section E: Metalwork 480 9.8 Section F: Woodwork 480 9.9 Section G: Thermal and moisture protection 481 9.10 Section H: Doors and windows 481 9.11 Section J: Finishes 481 9.12 Section K: Accessories 482 9.13 Section L: Equipment 482 9.14 Section M: Furnishings 482 9.15 Section N: Special construction 482 9.16 Section P: Conveying systems 483 9.17 Section Q: Mechanical engineering installations 483 9.18 Section R: Electrical engineering installations 483 Part 3 Measurement Risk in Contract Control 485 10 Contract Control Strategies 487 10.1 Financial control 487 10.2 Measuring the quantities of work done 489 10.3 Provisional quantities and provisional sums 493 10.4 Measuring variations to the contract 494 10.5 Preparing the contractor's cost-value reconciliation 495 10.6 Physical measurement 495 11 Measurement Claims 499 11.1 Claims 499 11.2 E xtra work 502 11.3 Departures from the method of measurement 504 11.4 E rrors in bills of quantities 505 11.5 Procurement issues 510 12 Final Accounts 511 12.1 Purpose 511 12.2 Forms of contract 512 12.3 Lump sum contracts 513 12.4 Measure and value contracts 517 12.5 Daywork accounts 518 12.6 'Final accounts' under the ECC 519 Part 4 Measurement Case Studies 525 13 New Rules of Measurement: NRM1 527 13.1 Project details 527 13.2 Accommodation 527 13.3 Gross internal floor area 529 13.4 Calculating GIFA 529 13.5 Special design features 529 13.6 GIFA measurement rules 531 13.7 Roof 531 13.8 Works cost estimate 534 14 New Rules of Measurement: NRM2 535 14.1 E xcavation in unstable water-bearing ground 535 14.2 NRM2 Director's adjustment 539 15 Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement 543 15.1 Canal aqueduct 543 15.2 Ground anchors 543 16 Method of Measurement for Highway Works 549 16.1 Measurement and billing of proprietary manufactured structures 549 16.2 Measurement and billing of structures where there is a choice of designs 551 16.3 Measurement of proprietary manufactured structural elements 554 17 Principles of Measurement (International) 557 17.1 Underpinning 557 18 Builders' Quantities 565 18.1 Lift pit 565 Index 573