AC Power Systems Handbook

POWER DISTRIBUTION AND CONTROL
Introduction
Defining Terms
Vector Representations
Power Relationship in AC Circuits
Elements of the AC Power System
Power Transformers
Power Generators
Capacitors
Transmission Circuits
Control and Switching Systems
Utility AC Power System
Power Distribution
Power Factor
Utility Company Interfacing
Phase-to-Phase Balance
Reliability Considerations
THE ORIGINS OF AC LINE DISTURBANCES
Introduction
Naturally Occurring Disturbances
Sources of Atmospheric Energy
Characteristics of Lightning
Lightning Protection
Electrostatic Discharge
EMP Radiation
Coupling Transient Energy
Equipment-Caused Transient Disturbances
Utility System Faults
Switch Contact Arcing
Telephone System Transients
Carrier Storage
Transient-Generated Noise
Noise Sources
Power-Disturbance Classification
Standards of Measurement
Assessing the Threat
Digital Measurement Instruments
A/D Conversion
Digital Monitor Features
Capturing Transient Waveforms
Case in Point
THE EFFECTS OF TRANSIENT DISTURBANCES
Introduction
Semiconductor Failure Modes
Device Ruggedness
Forward Bias Safe Operating Area
Reverse Bias Safe Operating Area
Power-Handling Capability
Semiconductor Derating
Failure Mechanisms
Avalanche-Related Failure
MOSFET Devices
Safe Operating Area
MOSFET Failure Modes
Thyristor Components
Failure Modes
Application Considerations
ESD Failure Modes
Failure Mechanisms
Semiconductor Development
Chip Protection
Switch-Arcing Effects
Insulation Breakdown
POWER-SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Introduction
Power-Supply Components
Reliability of Power Rectifiers
Operating Rectifiers in Series
Operating Rectifiers in Parallel
Silicon Avalanche Rectifiers
Thyristor Servo Systems
Inductive Loads
Applications
Triggering Circuits
Fusing
Control Flexibility
Transformer Failure Modes
Thermal Considerations
Voltage Considerations
Mechanical Considerations
Capacitor Failure Modes
Electrlytic Capacitors
Mechanical Failure
Electrolyte Failures
Capacitor Life Span
Tantalum Capacitors
Fault Protectors
Fuses
Circuit Breakers
Semiconductor Fuses
Application Considerations
POWER-SYSTEM PROTECTION ALTERNATIVES
Introduction
The Key Tolerance Envelope
Assessing the Lightning Hazard
Transient Protection Alternatives
Motor-Generator Set
System Configuration
Motor-Design Considerations
Maintenance Considerations
Motor-Generator UPS
Uninterruptible Power Systems
UPS Configuration
Power-Conversion Methods
Redundant Operation
Output Transfer Switch
Battery Supply
Dedicated Protection Systems
Ferroresonant Transformer
Isolation Transformer
Tap-Changing Regulator
Line Conditioner
FACILITY-PROTECTION METHODS
Introduction
Filter Devices
Crowbar Devices
Voltage-Clamping Devices
Selecting Protection Components
Performance Testing
Facility Protection
Facility Wiring
Utility Service Entrance
Power-System Protection
Staging
Design Cautions
Single-Phasing
Circuit-Level Applications
Protecting Low-Voltage Supplies
Protecting High-Voltage Supplies
Protecting Logic Circuits
Protecting Telco Lines
Inductive Load Switching
Device Application Cautions
FACILITY GROUNDING
Introduction
Establishing an Earth Ground
Grounding Interface
Chemical Ground Rods
Ufer Ground System
Bonding Ground-System Elements
Cadwelding
Ground-System Inductance
Grounding Tower Elements
Ground-Wire Dressing
Facility Ground Interconnection
Grounding on Bare Rock
Rock-Based Radial Elements
Transmission-System Grounding
Transmission Line
Cable Considerations
Satellite Antenna Grounding
Designing a Building Ground System
Bulkhead Panel
Bulkhead Grounding
Lightning Protectors
Typical Installation
Checklist for Proper Grounding
AC SYSTEM GROUNDING PRACTICES
Introduction
Building Codes
Single-Point Ground
Facility Ground System
Power-Center Grounding
Isolation Transformers
Grounding Equipment Racks
Grounding Signal-Carrying Cables
Analyzing Noise Currents
Types of Noise
Skin Effect
Patch-Bay Grounding
Input/Output Circuits
Cable Routing
Overcoming Ground-System Problems
STANDBY POWER SYSTEMS
Introduction
Blackout Effects
Standby Power Options
Dual Feeder System
Peak Power Shaving
Advanced System Protection
Choosing a Generator
UPS Systems
Standby Power-System Noise
Critical System Bus
The Efficient Use of Energy
Energy Usage
Peak Demand
Load Factor
Power Factor
Plant Maintenance
Switchgear Maintenance
Ground-System Maintenance
SAFETY AND PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Introduction
Facility Safety Equipment
Electric Shock
Effects on the Human Body
Circuit-Protection Hardware
Working with High Voltage
First Aid Procedures
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Health Risk
Governmental Action
PCB Components
Identifying PCB Components
Labeling PCB Components
Record Keeping
Disposal
Proper Management
OSHA Safety Requirements
Protective Covers
Identification and Marking
Extension Cords
Grounding
Management Responsibility
INDEX
Catalog no. 7412
1992, 327 pp., ISBN: 0-8493-7412-X
U.S. $61.95/Outside U.S. $72.00

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