State Making and Environmental Cooperation

The Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers of Central Asia flow across deserts to empty into
the Aral Sea. Under Soviet rule, so much water was diverted from the rivers for agricultural
purposes that salinity levels rapidly rose and the sea shrank. There was an upsurge in dust storms
containing toxic salt residue, and a new desert began to replace the sea. At the same time,
agricultural runoff rendered the drinking water unfit for human consumption.In this book Erika
Weinthal examines how the Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
and Uzbekistan have tackled the Aral Sea Basin crisis since the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union.
The Amu Darya now flows through three new nation-states, and the Syr Darya through four. This
shakeup of political borders created a collective-action problem for the successor states. While
they needed to consolidate domestic sovereignty, they also needed to relinquish sovereignty over
their water resources in order to develop a joint solution to the desiccation of the Aral Sea.
Weinthal examines why they were able to cooperate over their shared water resources. She emphasizes
the roles of nonstate actors (international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and
bilateral aid organizations) in the building of institutions for regional cooperation and for state
formation, shows how cooperation was nested within the state-building process when international
third-party actors were involved, and highlights the dispensing of side payments (financial and
material resources) by nonstate actors to aid both regional cooperation and state
formation.