Criminal Behavior and the Justice System

1 When Law and Psychology Meet.- A Technology for Controlling Behavior.- A Brief History.- Decision-Making Under Uncertainty.- Establishing Facts.- Models of Rationality.- Attribution of Liability.- Effects of Punishment.- Punishment in the Real World.- One Prediction and Explanation of Criminal Behavior: Introduction.- 2 Long Term Prediction of Offending and Other Life Outcomes.- The Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.- Explanatory and Predictive Research.- Prediction of Offending.- Prediction at Age 32.- Conclusions.- 3 Prediction of Criminal Behavior: Recent Developments in Research and Policy in the United States.- Naive Reliance.- Empirical Retreat.- Pragmatic Resurgence.- 4 The Prediction of Drunken Driving Offences.- The Legal Framework and the Role of Psychologists.- Views Regarding Drunken Driving.- The Scientific Basis for Predictions.- Linking Findings of Research on Alcoholism with Those Concerning Drunken Driving.- An Interactionistic Approach to Prediction and Diagnosis.- 5 Juvenile Delinquency: Definitions, Character, and Theory.- Definition.- Character.- Theoretical Statement.- The Study.- Findings.- Conclusions.- 6 Situational Effects on the Decisions of Adolescent Offenders to Carry Out Delinquent Acts. Relations to Moral Reasoning, Moral Goals, and Personal Constructs.- Method.- Results and Discussion.- Final Comments.- 7 Crime Specialisation, Crime Displacement and Rational Choice Theory.- Displacement and Generalisation: The Empirical Evidence.- The Concept of Choice-Structuring Properties.- Implications for Crime Control.- 8 Questioning Convicted Burglars: A Contribution to Crime Prevention.- Problem.- Major Questions and Rationale.- Method.- Results and Discussion.- Two Legal Thought, Attribution, and Sentencing: Introduction.- 9 Algebraic Schemes in Legal Thought and in Everyday Morality.- The Case of Recompense.- Experimental Analysis.- Legal Schemes as Heuristics for Cognitive Science.- Analysis of Algebraic Schemes in Legal Psychology.- 10 Decision-Making and the Law: A View from the Grid.- Grid Arguments.- The Set Up.- What Legal Decision-Making Is Not.- "A View from the Grid".- Other Issues That Could Be Grist for the Grid.- 11 Decision Processes in the Jury Room.- The Chicago Studies.- The Oxford Studies.- The Yale Studies.- The Studies at the London School of Economics.- Discussion.- 12 Perseverance in Courtroom Decisions.- Situational Effects on Judicial Judgmental Processes.- Empirical Support for Perseverance Effects.- Studies of Information Processing and Judgment in Judicial Situations Involving Equivocal Evidence.- Concluding Remarks.- 13 Attractiveness and Respectability of the Offender as Factors in the Evaluation of Criminal Cases.- Respectability and Attractiveness as Extralegal Factors.- Extralegal Factors: Additional Considerations.- Relationship Between Causal Attributions and Sentencing.- Three Eyewitness Testimony: Introduction.- 14 The Perception of Social Events and Behavior Sequences.- What Does the Person Perceive?.- Concluding Remarks.- 15 Remembering Social Events and Activities.- Overview and Introduction.- Social Cognition Research.- Scripts.- Reality Monitoring.- 16 Distortions in Eyewitness Memory from Postevent Information.- Past Work.- Detection of Discrepancies.- New Evidence for Discrepancy Detection.- Fate of Memory.- The Blending of Memories.- 17 Collaborative Testimony by Police Officers: A Psycho-legal Issue.- Background to the Studies.- Dyadic Confidence and the Role of Implicational Errors.- Remembering in Dyads and Groups: Social Direction and Control.- Groups, the Police and Conventional Recall.- Group Over-confidence Examined.- Conclusions: The Propriety of Collaborative Testimony.- 18 Behavioral Correlates of Statement Credibility: Theories, Paradigms, and Results.- Basic Concepts and Research Approaches to Witness Psychology.- Theoretical Approaches to Credibility Assessment.- Research Paradigms and Procedures.- Correlates of Credibility: Empirical Results.- Judgments of Credibility: Empirical Results.- Suggestions for Procedural Modifications in Future Research.- 19 Assessing Credibility of Allegations of Child Sexual Abuse: Polygraph Examinations and Statement Analysis.- Polygraph Techniques.- Statement Analysis.- Concluding Remarks.- 20 Verbal and Visual Processes in Person Identification.- Verbal and Visual Processes Within an Integrative Framework of Eyewitness Testimony.- Verbal and Visual Processes at the Perceptual Phase.- Verbal and Visual Processes at the Retention Phase.- Verbal and Visual Processes at the Retrieval Phase.- Conclusions.- Four Correctional Treatment: Clinical and Organizational Aspects: Introduction.- 21 Evaluation Research on Correctional Treatment in West Germany: A Meta-analysis.- Method.- Results.- Discussion.- 22 Treatment of Young Remand Prisoners: Problems and Results of a Research Project.- The Situation in Pretrial Detention.- The Present Study.- Method.- Results.- Discussion.- 23 Influencing Juvenile Offenders by Way of Alternative Sanctions in Community Settings.- The Development of Juvenile Delinquency.- Backgrounds in Juvenile Delinquency.- Reactions to Juvenile Criminality.- Viewpoints on Vandalism: The Existing Theories.- Initiating the Development of a Differentiated Theory of Vandalism.- The Need for a Differentiated Approach by Policymakers.- Untapped Possibilities for a Differentiated Approach.- Prevention: The Crowning Piece of the Differentiated Approach.- 24 Relations Between General Attitudes and Personality Traits of Prison Officers and Some Specific Attitudes Towards Prisoners.- Subjects and Methods.- Results.- Discussion of Results.- 25 Psychology in Prison: Role Assessment and Testing of an Organizational Model.- Conceptual Framing.- Method.- Results.- Discussion.- Author Index.