Intensive Fish Culture

Intensive Fish Culture C. Weeks & H. Westers Table of Contents APPLYING BIOENERGETICS I-1 I.1 Choices Over Variability I-2 I.2 Intensive Fish Culture I-3 I.3 Carrying Capacity and Production I-5 I.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) I-10 I.3.3 Ammonia Nitrogen I-13 I.4 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) I-24 I.5 pH, Alkalinity I-27 Problem Solving Unit I - Flow-through Raceway Design I-34 RESPIRATION AND OSMOREGULATION II-1 II.1 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration II-1 II.2 The Uptake of Oxygen II-3 II.3 Low Oxygen Stress II-7 II.4 High Oxygen Stress II-8 II.5 Importance of Managing DO II-8 II.6 Ion Exchange Mechanism II-10 Problem Solving Unit II - Flow-through Circular Rearing Tanksand Fish Metabolic Requirements II-18 GROWTH RATES AND FEEDING LEVELS III-1 III.1 Condition Factor III-1 III.2 Feeding Levels III-5 III.2.1 Percent Weight Gain and % Body Weight III-7 III.2.2 Progression of New "Wild" Species in Relation to Growth Example: Yellow Perch III-11 III.3 Growth Models III-13 Problem Solving Unit III - Growth and Feeding Levels for a Multi-cohort Rearing Program III-23 FISH REARING UNITS IV-1 IV.1 Density Selection - A Key Design Factor IV-3 IV.2 Optimal Velocities for Fish IV-4 IV.3 Raceway Rearing Units IV-7 IV.3.1 Raceway Flow Characteristics IV-7 IV.3.2 Raceway Waste Management Concerns IV-11 IV.3.3 Raceway System Design Factors IV-13 IV.4 Round Tank Rearing Units IV-17 IV.4.1 Round Tank Flow Characteristics IV-18 IV.4.2 Round Tank Waste Management Concerns IV-19 IV.4.3 Round Tank System Design Factors IV-20 FACILITY DESIGN PROCESS V-1 V.1 Introduction V-1 V.1.1 Of primary importance V-1 V.1.2 Questions to consider V-1 V.1.3 Numbers (values) must be selected relative to specific production and design parameters V-2 V.1.4 Other choices V-2 V.1.5 Consider the fish culturist (worker) V-2 V1.6 Visitor/educational facility (managing visitors) V-3 V.2 Design Process V-4 V.2.1 The water (a somewhat ideal source to keep things simple) V-4 V.2.2 The production program V-4 V.2.3 Design V-6 V.2.3.1 Raceway design V-8 V.2.3.2 Round tank system design V-10 V.2.4 There are other options V-13 MAXIMIZING PRODUCTION THROUGH SEQUENTIAL REARING STRATEGIES VI-1 VI.1 Maximum Annual Production Models VI-2 VI.1.1 Single Cohort, Batch Culture VI-4 VI.1.2 Multi-cohort, Sequential Rearing Culture VI-5 VI.2 Effects of Growth Rates on Production VI-8 VI.3 Mortality VI-9 VI.4 Discussion VI-11 GAS MANAGEMENT IN INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE VII-1 VII.1 Aeration VII-2 VII.1.2 Degassing Using Aeration VII-3 VII.2 Oxygenation VII-4 VII.2.1 Design and Operational Characteristics of the Michigan Sealed Column VII-6 VII.2.2 How Much Oxygen? VII-8 VII.2.3 Oxygen Source and Cost VII-10 VII.3 Managing Carbon Dioxide VII-12 VII.4 Ozone In Intensive Aquaculture VII-13 VII.4.1 Gas-to-Liquid Absorption VII-15 VII.4.2 Ozone Contact Time and Concentrations VII-15 PRODUCTION THEORY OF INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS:POND, NETPEN, AND FLOW-THROUGH VIII-1 VIII.1 Aquaculture, a Diverse Activity VIII-1 VIII.2 Aquaculture, Basic Principles VIII-3 VIII.3 Aquaculture, Inputs and Outputs VIII-4 VIII.4 Production Theory VIII-5 VIII.4.1 Intensive Pond Production VIII-6 VIII.4.2 Netpen and Cage Culture Systems VIII-8 VIII.4.3 Intensive Flow-through Production VIII-10 RECIRCULATING AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS (RAS) IX-1 IX.1 Principles of RAS IX-2 IX.2 RAS Water Treatment Processes IX-3 IX.2.1 Control of Dissolved Gasses in RAS IX-3 IX.2.3 Alkalinity and pH IX-4 IX.2.4 Biofiltration IX-4 IX.2.5 Particulates IX-6 IX.3 Determining RAS Limiting Factors IX-6 IX.4 RAS Design IX-9 IX.5 Partial Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (PRAS) IX-11 MANAGEMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FISH WASTE FOR INTENSIVE AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS X-1 X.1 Managing Wastes in Aquaculture Systems X-1 X.1.1 Intensive Pond Aquaculture Systems X-2 X.1.2 Flow-through Systems X-3 X.1.4 Netpen Aquaculture Systems X-6 X.2 Chemical Composition of Fish Manure X-6 X.2.1 Nitrogen X-7 X.2.2 Phosphorus X-8 X.2.3 Estimation of N and P in Aquaculture Effluent - a Mass Balance Approach X-9 X.3 Land Application of Fish Waste X-12 X.4 Other (Potential) Uses of Fish Manure X-14 HATCHERY DESIGN, PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER (Chapter under consideration for development) Summary of Critical Inputs Programming Input/Outputs Example Case Study Exercise Assessing Rational Design APPENDIX Notations and Units ... A1 Abbreviated List of Equations... B1 Useful Conversions ... C1