Electric Power Systems

Preface to First Edition ix Preface to Third Edition xi Preface to Third, Revised Edition xiii Preface to Fourth Edition xv Preface to Fifth Edition xvi Symbols xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 History 1.2 Characteristics Influencing Generation and Transmission 1.3 Operation of Generators 1.4 Energy Conversion 1.5 Renewable Energy Sources 1.6 Energy Storage 1.7 Environmental Aspects of Electrical Energy 1.8 Transmission and Distribution Systems 1.9 Utilization Problems 2 Basic Concepts 2.1 Three-Phase Systems 2.2 Three-Phase Transformers 2.3 Active and Reactive Power 2.4 The Per-Unit System 2.5 Power Transfer and Reactive Power 2.6 Harmonics in Three-Phase Systems 2.7 Useful Network Theory Problems 3 Components of a Power System 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Synchronous Machines 3.3 Equivalent Circuit Under Balanced Short-Circuit Conditions 3.4 Synchronous Generators in Parallel 3.5 The Operation of a Generator on Infinite Busbars 3.6 Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs) 3.7 Lines, Cables, and Transformers 3.8 Transformers 3.9 Voltage Characteristics of Loads Problems 4 Control of Power and Frequency 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Turbine Governor 4.3 Control Loops 4.4 Division of Load between Generators 4.5 The Power-Frequency Characteristic of an Interconnected System 4.6 System Connected by Lines of Relatively Small Capacity Problems 5, Control of Voltage and Reactive Power 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Generation and Absorption of Reactive Power 5.3 Relation Between Voltage, Power, and Reactive Power at a Node 5.4 Methods of Voltage Control: (i) Injection of Reactive Power 5.5 Methods of Voltage Control: (ii) Tap-Changing Transformers 5.6 Combined Use of Tap-Changing Transformers and Reactive-Power Injection 5.7 Phase shift trasnformer 5.8 Voltage Collapse 5.9 Voltage Control in Distribution Networks 5.10 Long Lines 5.11 General System Considerations Problems 6 Load Flows 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Circuit analysis versus load flow analysis 6.3 Gauss Siedal method 6.4 Load flows in radial and simple loop networks 6.4 Load flows in Large Systems 6.5 Example of a Complex Load Flow 6.6 Computer simulations Problems 7 Fault Analysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Calculation of Three-Phase Balanced Fault Currents 7.3 Method of Symmetrical Components 7.4 Representation of Plant in the Phase-Sequence Networks 7.5 Types of Fault 7.6 Fault Levels in a Typical System 7.7 Power in Symmetrical Components 7.8 Systematic Methods for Fault Analysis in Large Networks 7.9 Neutral Grounding 7.11 Interference with Communication Circuits--Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Problems 8 System Stability 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Equation of Motion of a Rotating Machine 8.3 Steady-State Stability 8.4 Transient Stability 8.5 Transient Stability--Consideration of Time 8.6 Transient Stability Calculations by Computer 8.7 Dynamic or small signal stability 8.8 Stability of Loads Leading to Voltage Collapse 8.9 Further Aspects 8.10 Multimachine Systems 8.11 Energy-Type Functions 8.12 Improvement of stability Problems 9 Direct-Current Transmission 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Current Source and Voltage Source Converters 9.3 Semi-conductor Valves for High Voltage DC Converters 9.4 Current Source h.v.d.c. 9.5 Voltage Source h.v.d.c. Problems 10 Overvoltages and Insulation Requirements 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Generation of Overvoltages 10.3 Protection Against Overvoltages 10.4 Insulation Coordination 10.5 Propagation of Surges 10.6 Determination of System Voltages Produced by Travelling Surges 10.7 Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) Problems 11 Substations and Protection 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Switchgear 11.3 Qualities Required of Protection 11.4 Components of Protective Schemes 11.5 Protection Systems 11.6 Distance Protection 11.7 Unit Protection Schemes 11.8 Generator Protection 11.9 Transformer Protection 11.10 Feeder Protection 11.11 System Monitoring and Control 11.12 System Security and Emergency Control Problems 12 Fundamentals of the Economics of Operation and Planning of Electricity Systems 12.1 Economic Operation of Generation Systems 12.2 Fundamental principles of Generation System Planning 12.3 Economic Operation of Transmission Systems 12.4 Fundamental principles of Transmission System Planning 12.5 Distribution and Transmission Network security considerations 12.6 Drivers for change Problems Appendix I Synchronous Machine Reactances Appendix II Typical Transformer Impedances Appendix Ill Typical Overhead Line Parameters Bibliography and Further Reading Index