Subsea Optics and Imaging
Published on 31. October 2013
Book
Hardback
596 pages
978-0-85709-341-7 (ISBN)
Description
The use of optical methodology, instrumentation and photonics devices for imaging, vision and optical sensing is of increasing importance in understanding our marine environment. Subsea optics can make an important contribution to the protection and sustainable management of ocean resources and contribute to monitoring the response of marine systems to climate change. This important book provides an authoritative review of key principles, technologies and their applications.
The book is divided into three parts. The first part provides a general introduction to the key concepts in subsea optics and imaging, imaging technologies and the development of ocean optics and colour analysis. Part two reviews the use of subsea optics in environmental analysis. An introduction to the concepts of underwater light fields is followed by an overview of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and an assessment of nutrients in the water column. This section concludes with discussions of the properties of subsea bioluminescence, harmful algal blooms and their impact and finally an outline of optical techniques for studying suspended sediments, turbulence and mixing in the marine environment. Part three reviews subsea optical systems technologies. A general overview of imaging and visualisation using conventional photography and video leads onto advanced techniques like digital holography, laser line-scanning and range-gated imaging as well as their use in controlled observation platforms or global observation networks. This section also outlines techniques like Raman spectroscopy, hyperspectral sensing and imaging, laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and particle image velocimetry (PIV), optical fibre sensing and LIDAR systems. Finally, a chapter on fluorescence methodologies brings the volume to a close.
With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Subsea optics and imaging is a standard reference for those researching, developing and using subsea optical technologies as well as environmental scientists and agencies concerned with monitoring the marine environment.
The book is divided into three parts. The first part provides a general introduction to the key concepts in subsea optics and imaging, imaging technologies and the development of ocean optics and colour analysis. Part two reviews the use of subsea optics in environmental analysis. An introduction to the concepts of underwater light fields is followed by an overview of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and an assessment of nutrients in the water column. This section concludes with discussions of the properties of subsea bioluminescence, harmful algal blooms and their impact and finally an outline of optical techniques for studying suspended sediments, turbulence and mixing in the marine environment. Part three reviews subsea optical systems technologies. A general overview of imaging and visualisation using conventional photography and video leads onto advanced techniques like digital holography, laser line-scanning and range-gated imaging as well as their use in controlled observation platforms or global observation networks. This section also outlines techniques like Raman spectroscopy, hyperspectral sensing and imaging, laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and particle image velocimetry (PIV), optical fibre sensing and LIDAR systems. Finally, a chapter on fluorescence methodologies brings the volume to a close.
With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Subsea optics and imaging is a standard reference for those researching, developing and using subsea optical technologies as well as environmental scientists and agencies concerned with monitoring the marine environment.
More details
Series
Language
English
Place of publication
Cambridge
United Kingdom
Publishing group
Elsevier Science & Technology
Target group
Professional and scholarly
Dimensions
Height: 234 mm
Width: 156 mm
Weight
1040 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-85709-341-7 (9780857093417)
Copyright in bibliographic data and cover images is held by Nielsen Book Services Limited or by the publishers or by their respective licensors: all rights reserved.
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
Persons
John Watson is Professor of Electrical Engineering and Optical Engineering at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. Oliver Zielinski is Professor in the Institute for the Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM) and Head of Marine Sensor Systems at the University of Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven, Germany. Professor Watson and Professor Zielinski are internationally-renowned for their research in the area of subsea optics.
Content
Contributor contact details
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials
Preface
Part I: Introduction and historic review of subsea optics and imaging
Chapter 1: Subsea optics: an introduction
Abstract:
1.1 Light within aquatic media
1.2 Fundamentals of marine optics
1.3 Optical properties of natural waters
1.4 Optical classification of water bodies
1.5 Conclusion and future trends
1.6 Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 2: Subsea imaging and vision: an introduction
Abstract:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A 'potted' and selective history of underwater imaging and vision
2.3 Subsea optical imaging
2.4 Extended range imaging systems
2.5 Plankton imaging and profiling systems
2.6 Hybrid systems
2.7 Future trends
2.8 Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 3: The history of subsea optics
Abstract:
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Exploring the arcane colouring of natural waters
3.3 Blue reflecting and green transmitting water
3.4 The principles of Capri's Blue Grotto
3.5 Historical pieces of laboratory equipment
3.6 Historical pieces of field equipment
3.7 Ocean colour comparator scales
3.8 Conclusion
3.9 Remarkable notes and thoughts
Part II: Biogeochemical optics in the environment
Chapter 4: Measurement of hyperspectral underwater light fields
Abstract:
4.1 Hyperspectral versus multispectral radiometry
4.2 Radiometry fundamentals
4.3 Sensor design and collector geometry
4.4 Spectral resolution, noise levels and temporal response
4.5 Radiometer calibration and deployment
4.6 Hyperspectral characteristics of natural waters
4.7 Significance of transpectral processes
4.8 Conclusion and future trends
Chapter 5: Colored dissolved organic matter in seawater
Abstract:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Optical properties of CDOM
5.3 Measurement of CDOM
5.4 Applications of CDOM measurement in the ocean
5.5 Future trends
5.6 Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 6: Optical assessment of nutrients in seawater
Abstract:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Direct optical measurement
6.3 Indirect optical measurement
6.4 Conclusion and future trends
Chapter 7: Bioluminescence in the sea
Abstract:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Measurement of bioluminescence in the ocean
7.3 Propagation of bioluminescence in and out of the ocean
7.4 Future trends
7.5 Acknowledgements
Chapter 8: Optical assessment of harmful algal blooms (HABs)
Abstract:
8.1 Introduction: addressing the diversity of harmful algal blooms
8.2 Algal features for bio-optical assessment
8.3 Scale and resolution in surveillance of algal blooms
8.4 Emerging advancement in bio-optical sensor technologies
8.5 Transfer to operational oceanography
Chapter 9: Optical techniques in studying suspended sediments, turbulence and mixing in marine environments
Abstract:
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Particles in seawater: their mass, density and settling speed
9.3 Particle size distributions
9.4 Particles and turbulence
9.5 Light scattering by particles
9.6 Light absorption by particles
9.7 Direct and remote sensing
9.8 Future trends
Part III: Subsea optical systems and imaging
Chapter 10: Geometric optics and strategies for subsea imaging
Abstract:
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fundamentals of optics
10.3 Imaging optics
10.4 Aberrations and resolving power
10.5 Sensor
10.6 Illumination
10.7 Data and communication
10.8 Limitations
10.9 Acknowledgement
10.11 Appendix: Legend to the symbols
Chapter 11: Underwater imaging: photographic, digital and video techniques
Abstract:
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conventional imaging
11.3 Illumination
11.4 Future trends
Chapter 12: Subsea holography and submersible aEUR?holocamerasaEUR (TM)
Abstract:
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Concepts of holography
12.3 Electronic recording and replay (digital holography)
12.4 Aberrations and resolution in underwater holography
12.5 Holographic cameras
12.6 Future trends
12.7 Conclusion
12.8 Sources of further information and advice
12.9 Acknowledgements
Chapter 13: Subsea laser scanning and imaging systems
Abstract:
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Laser range gated (LRG) systems
13.3 Laser line scan (LLS) systems
13.4 Synchronous scanning: time gated imaging (pulsed gated laser line scan system or PG-LLS)
13.5 Scanning bistatic imaging systems and temporal coding
13.6 Multistatic LLS imaging channel via amplitude modulated FDMA
13.7 Scanning 3-D optical imaging systems
13.8 Scanning optical imaging methods using frequency conversion
Chapter 14: Laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) for marine environments
Abstract:
14.1 Introduction to particle image velocimetry (PIV)
14.2 Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV)
14.3 Multiphase measurements with PIV and PTV - masking techniques
14.4 Synthetic Schlieren - density gradient measurements
14.5 Laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and phase Doppler anemometry (PDA)
14.6 Acknowledgement
Chapter 15: Underwater 3D vision, ranging and range gating
Abstract:
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basics of underwater 3D vision with laser-based devices
15.3 Subsea triangulation systems
15.4 Subsea modulation/demodulation technique
15.5 Subsea time-of-flight systems
15.6 Subsea range gating
15.7 Future trends
15.8 Sources of further information and advice
15.9 Acknowledgements
Chapter 16: Raman spectroscopy for subsea applications
Abstract:
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A brief history of the Raman effect
16.3 The physics of Raman spectroscopy
16.4 Requirements for Raman spectroscopy in the ocean
16.5 Operation of a Raman spectrometer for deep ocean application
16.6 Deep ocean Raman in situ spectroscopy applications
16.7 Advancing deep ocean Raman spectroscopy
16.8 Conclusion
16.9 Acknowledgements
Chapter 17: Fiber optic sensors for subsea structural health monitoring
Abstract:
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Structural health monitoring
17.3 Fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring
17.4 Structural and integrity monitoring approaches using FOS
17.5 Challenges related to subsea applications
17.6 Future trends
17.7 Sources of further information and advice
17.8 Acknowledgments
Chapter 18: Subsea LIDAR systems
Abstract:
18.1 Introduction to oceanographic LIDAR
18.2 Exploring the vertical structure of the ocean with LIDAR
18.3 Quantifying the vertical structure of the ocean with LIDAR
18.4 Case study: using LIDAR to understand ocean biogeochemistry
18.5 Future trends
18.6 Conclusion
18.7 Sources of further information and advice
18.8 Acknowledgment
Chapter 19: Operational multiparameter subsea observation platforms
Abstract:
19.1 Introduction
19.2 General subsea research infrastructures
19.3 Network architecture, control system and data management
19.4 Applications of optical and image sensors on subsea infrastructures
19.5 Conclusion
Chapter 20: Underwater hyperspectral imagery to create biogeochemical maps of seafloor properties
Abstract:
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Underwater hyperspectral imaging (UHI) techniques
20.3 UHI on different underwater platforms
20.4 Sensor and navigational requirements
20.5 Optical processing of hyperspectral imagery
20.6 Applications of UHI-based biogeochemical seafloor mapping
20.7 Acknowledgements
Chapter 21: Advances in underwater fluorometry: from bulk fluorescence to planar laser imaging
Abstract:
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Planar laser imaging fluorometry and its ocean-going implementation
21.3 Systems to observe phytoplankton: in situ imaging of large diatoms and a lab version of a miniature planar laser imaging fluorometer
21.4 Conclusions
Index
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials
Preface
Part I: Introduction and historic review of subsea optics and imaging
Chapter 1: Subsea optics: an introduction
Abstract:
1.1 Light within aquatic media
1.2 Fundamentals of marine optics
1.3 Optical properties of natural waters
1.4 Optical classification of water bodies
1.5 Conclusion and future trends
1.6 Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 2: Subsea imaging and vision: an introduction
Abstract:
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A 'potted' and selective history of underwater imaging and vision
2.3 Subsea optical imaging
2.4 Extended range imaging systems
2.5 Plankton imaging and profiling systems
2.6 Hybrid systems
2.7 Future trends
2.8 Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 3: The history of subsea optics
Abstract:
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Exploring the arcane colouring of natural waters
3.3 Blue reflecting and green transmitting water
3.4 The principles of Capri's Blue Grotto
3.5 Historical pieces of laboratory equipment
3.6 Historical pieces of field equipment
3.7 Ocean colour comparator scales
3.8 Conclusion
3.9 Remarkable notes and thoughts
Part II: Biogeochemical optics in the environment
Chapter 4: Measurement of hyperspectral underwater light fields
Abstract:
4.1 Hyperspectral versus multispectral radiometry
4.2 Radiometry fundamentals
4.3 Sensor design and collector geometry
4.4 Spectral resolution, noise levels and temporal response
4.5 Radiometer calibration and deployment
4.6 Hyperspectral characteristics of natural waters
4.7 Significance of transpectral processes
4.8 Conclusion and future trends
Chapter 5: Colored dissolved organic matter in seawater
Abstract:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Optical properties of CDOM
5.3 Measurement of CDOM
5.4 Applications of CDOM measurement in the ocean
5.5 Future trends
5.6 Sources of further information and advice
Chapter 6: Optical assessment of nutrients in seawater
Abstract:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Direct optical measurement
6.3 Indirect optical measurement
6.4 Conclusion and future trends
Chapter 7: Bioluminescence in the sea
Abstract:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Measurement of bioluminescence in the ocean
7.3 Propagation of bioluminescence in and out of the ocean
7.4 Future trends
7.5 Acknowledgements
Chapter 8: Optical assessment of harmful algal blooms (HABs)
Abstract:
8.1 Introduction: addressing the diversity of harmful algal blooms
8.2 Algal features for bio-optical assessment
8.3 Scale and resolution in surveillance of algal blooms
8.4 Emerging advancement in bio-optical sensor technologies
8.5 Transfer to operational oceanography
Chapter 9: Optical techniques in studying suspended sediments, turbulence and mixing in marine environments
Abstract:
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Particles in seawater: their mass, density and settling speed
9.3 Particle size distributions
9.4 Particles and turbulence
9.5 Light scattering by particles
9.6 Light absorption by particles
9.7 Direct and remote sensing
9.8 Future trends
Part III: Subsea optical systems and imaging
Chapter 10: Geometric optics and strategies for subsea imaging
Abstract:
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fundamentals of optics
10.3 Imaging optics
10.4 Aberrations and resolving power
10.5 Sensor
10.6 Illumination
10.7 Data and communication
10.8 Limitations
10.9 Acknowledgement
10.11 Appendix: Legend to the symbols
Chapter 11: Underwater imaging: photographic, digital and video techniques
Abstract:
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Conventional imaging
11.3 Illumination
11.4 Future trends
Chapter 12: Subsea holography and submersible aEUR?holocamerasaEUR (TM)
Abstract:
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Concepts of holography
12.3 Electronic recording and replay (digital holography)
12.4 Aberrations and resolution in underwater holography
12.5 Holographic cameras
12.6 Future trends
12.7 Conclusion
12.8 Sources of further information and advice
12.9 Acknowledgements
Chapter 13: Subsea laser scanning and imaging systems
Abstract:
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Laser range gated (LRG) systems
13.3 Laser line scan (LLS) systems
13.4 Synchronous scanning: time gated imaging (pulsed gated laser line scan system or PG-LLS)
13.5 Scanning bistatic imaging systems and temporal coding
13.6 Multistatic LLS imaging channel via amplitude modulated FDMA
13.7 Scanning 3-D optical imaging systems
13.8 Scanning optical imaging methods using frequency conversion
Chapter 14: Laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and particle image velocimetry (PIV) for marine environments
Abstract:
14.1 Introduction to particle image velocimetry (PIV)
14.2 Particle tracking velocimetry (PTV)
14.3 Multiphase measurements with PIV and PTV - masking techniques
14.4 Synthetic Schlieren - density gradient measurements
14.5 Laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) and phase Doppler anemometry (PDA)
14.6 Acknowledgement
Chapter 15: Underwater 3D vision, ranging and range gating
Abstract:
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basics of underwater 3D vision with laser-based devices
15.3 Subsea triangulation systems
15.4 Subsea modulation/demodulation technique
15.5 Subsea time-of-flight systems
15.6 Subsea range gating
15.7 Future trends
15.8 Sources of further information and advice
15.9 Acknowledgements
Chapter 16: Raman spectroscopy for subsea applications
Abstract:
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A brief history of the Raman effect
16.3 The physics of Raman spectroscopy
16.4 Requirements for Raman spectroscopy in the ocean
16.5 Operation of a Raman spectrometer for deep ocean application
16.6 Deep ocean Raman in situ spectroscopy applications
16.7 Advancing deep ocean Raman spectroscopy
16.8 Conclusion
16.9 Acknowledgements
Chapter 17: Fiber optic sensors for subsea structural health monitoring
Abstract:
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Structural health monitoring
17.3 Fiber optic sensors for structural health monitoring
17.4 Structural and integrity monitoring approaches using FOS
17.5 Challenges related to subsea applications
17.6 Future trends
17.7 Sources of further information and advice
17.8 Acknowledgments
Chapter 18: Subsea LIDAR systems
Abstract:
18.1 Introduction to oceanographic LIDAR
18.2 Exploring the vertical structure of the ocean with LIDAR
18.3 Quantifying the vertical structure of the ocean with LIDAR
18.4 Case study: using LIDAR to understand ocean biogeochemistry
18.5 Future trends
18.6 Conclusion
18.7 Sources of further information and advice
18.8 Acknowledgment
Chapter 19: Operational multiparameter subsea observation platforms
Abstract:
19.1 Introduction
19.2 General subsea research infrastructures
19.3 Network architecture, control system and data management
19.4 Applications of optical and image sensors on subsea infrastructures
19.5 Conclusion
Chapter 20: Underwater hyperspectral imagery to create biogeochemical maps of seafloor properties
Abstract:
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Underwater hyperspectral imaging (UHI) techniques
20.3 UHI on different underwater platforms
20.4 Sensor and navigational requirements
20.5 Optical processing of hyperspectral imagery
20.6 Applications of UHI-based biogeochemical seafloor mapping
20.7 Acknowledgements
Chapter 21: Advances in underwater fluorometry: from bulk fluorescence to planar laser imaging
Abstract:
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Planar laser imaging fluorometry and its ocean-going implementation
21.3 Systems to observe phytoplankton: in situ imaging of large diatoms and a lab version of a miniature planar laser imaging fluorometer
21.4 Conclusions
Index