System Engineering Analysis, Design, and Development

FOREWORD xv PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xvii ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xxi INTRODUCTION--HOW TO USE THIS TEXT xxiii 1 Systems, Engineering, and Systems Engineering 1 1.1 Definitions of Key Terms 2 1.2 Approach to this Chapter 2 1.3 What is a System? 3 1.4 Learning to Recognize Types of Systems 7 1.5 What is SE? 8 1.6 System Versus Systems Engineering 12 1.7 SE: Historical Notes 13 1.8 Systems Thinking and SE 13 1.9 Chapter Summary 15 1.10 Chapter Exercises 15 1.11 References 16 2 The Evolving State of SE Practice-Challenges and Opportunities 17 2.1 Definitions of Key Terms 19 2.2 Approach to this Chapter 20 2.3 The State of SE and System Development Performance 20 2.4 Understanding the Problem: Root Cause Analysis 24 2.5 Industry, Government, Academic, Professional, and Standards Organizations Solutions 27 2.6 Defining the Problem 32 2.7 Engineering Education Challenges and Opportunities 42 2.8 Chapter Summary 43 2.9 Chapter Exercises 46 2.10 References 46 PART I SYSTEM ENGINEERING AND ANALYSIS CONCEPTS 49 3 System Attributes, Properties, and Characteristics 51 3.1 Definition of Key Terms 51 3.2 Analytical Representation of a System 53 3.3 System Stakeholders: User and End User Roles 55 3.4 System Attributes 56 3.5 System Properties 56 3.6 System Characteristics 60 3.7 The System's State of Equilibrium and the Balance of Power 61 3.8 System/Product Life Cycle Concepts 64 3.9 System Acceptability: Challenges for Achieving Success 71 3.10 Chapter Summary 74 3.11 Chapter Exercises 74 3.12 References 75 4 User Enterprise Roles, Missions, and System Applications 76 4.1 Definitions of Key Terms 76 4.2 Approach to this Chapter 77 4.3 User Roles and Missions 78 4.4 Understanding and Defining User Missions 83 4.5 Understanding the User's Problem, Opportunity, and Solution Spaces 88 4.6 Chapter Summary, 97 4.7 Chapter Exercises, 97 4.8 References, 98 5 User Needs, Mission Analysis, Use Cases, and Scenarios 99 5.1 Definitions of Key Terms 100 5.2 Approach to this Chapter 101 5.3 Commercial/Consumer Product Versus Contract System Development 101 5.4 User Operational Needs Identification 103 5.5 Mission Analysis 107 5.6 Mission Operational Effectiveness 114 5.7 Defining Mission and System UCs and Scenarios 117 5.8 Chapter Summary 127 5.9 Chapter Exercises 127 5.10 References 128 6 System Concepts Formulation and Development 129 6.1 Definitions of Key Terms 129 6.2 Conceptualization of System Operations 131 6.3 The System Operations Model 131 6.4 Formulating and Developing the System Concepts 138 6.5 Chapter Summary 144 6.6 Chapter Exercises 145 6.7 References 145 7 System Command and Control (C2) - Phases, Modes, and States of Operation 147 7.1 Definitions of Key Terms 148 7.2 Approach to this Chapter 149 7.3 System Phases of Operation 150 7.4 Introduction to System Modes and States 151 7.5 Enterprise Perspective--Engineered System States 154 7.6 Engineering Perspective--Modes and States 157 7.7 Applying Phases, Modes, and States of Operation 168 7.8 Modes and States Constraints 169 7.9 Chapter Summary 172 7.10 Chapter Exercises 172 7.11 References 173 8 System Levels of Abstraction, Semantics, and Elements 174 8.1 Definitions of Key Terms 174 8.2 Establishing and Bounding the System's Context 175 8.3 System Levels of Abstraction and Semantics 176 8.4 System Decomposition Versus Integration Entity Relationships 181 8.5 Logical-Physical Entity Relationship (ER) Concepts 183 8.6 Architectural System Element Concepts 186 8.7 Chapter Summary 196 8.8 Chapter Exercises 196 8.9 References 197 9 Architectural Frameworks of the SOI and Its Operating Environment 198 9.1 Definitions of Key Terms 198 9.2 Approach to this Chapter 199 9.3 Introduction to the SOI Architecture 199 9.4 Understanding the OE Architecture 201 9.5 Other Architectural Frameworks 209 9.6 Understanding The System Threat Environment 209 9.7 SOI Interfaces 211 9.8 Chapter Summary 218 9.9 Chapter Exercises 218 9.10 References 218 10 Modeling Mission System and Enabling System Operations 219 10.1 Definitions of Key Terms 219 10.2 Approach to this Chapter 219 10.3 The System Behavioral Response Model 220 10.4 System Command & Control (C2) Interaction Constructs 221 10.5 Modeling System Control Flow and Data Flow Operations 225 10.6 Modeling Mission System and Enabling System Operations 230 10.7 Modeling an Operational Capability 235 10.8 Nested Operational Cycles 241 10.9 Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) 241 10.10 Chapter Summary 243 10.11 Chapter Exercises 243 10.12 References 243 11 Analytical Problem-Solving and Solution Development Synthesis 245 11.1 Definitions of Key Terms 245 11.2 Part I: System Engineering and Analysis Concepts Synthesis 245 11.3 Shifting to a New Systems Engineering Paradigm 246 11.4 The Four Domain Solutions Methodology 248 11.5 Chapter Summary 251 11.6 References 254 PART II SYSTEM ENGINEERING AND DEVELOPMENT PRACTICES 255 12 Introduction to System Development Strategies 257 12.1 Definitions of Key Terms 258 12.2 Approach to this Chapter 259 12.3 System Development Workflow Strategy 260 12.4 Multi-Level Systems Design and Development Strategy 262 12.5 Chapter Summary 268 12.6 Chapter Exercises 268 12.7 References 269 13 System Verification and Validation (V&V) Strategy 270 13.1 Definitions of Key Terms 270 13.2 Approach to this Chapter 272 13.3 System V&V Concepts Overview 275 13.4 System Verification Practices 278 13.5 System Validation Practices 283 13.6 Applying V&V to the System Development Workflow Processes 285 13.7 Independent Verification & Validation (IV&V) 290 13.8 Chapter Summary 291 13.9 Chapter Exercises 292 13.10 References 292 14 The Wasson Systems Engineering Process 293 14.1 Definitions of Key Terms 293 14.2 Approach to this Chapter 294 14.3 Evolution of SE Processes 294 14.4 The Wasson SE Process Model 296 14.5 Wasson SE Process Model Characteristics 306 14.6 Application of the Wasson SE Process Model 310 14.7 The Strength of the Wasson SE Process Model 311 14.8 Chapter Summary 311 14.9 Chapter Exercises 312 14.10 References 312 15 System Development Process Models 313 15.1 Definitions of Key Terms 314 15.2 Introduction to the System Development Models 315 15.3 Waterfall Development Strategy and Model 316 15.4 "V" System Development Strategy and Model 318 15.5 Spiral Development Strategy and Model 322 15.6 Iterative and Incremental Development Model 324 15.7 Evolutionary Development Strategy and Model 325 15.8 Agile Development Strategy and Model 326 15.9 Selection of System Versus Component Development Models 341 15.10 Chapter Summary 342 15.11 Chapter Exercises 342 15.12 References 342 16 System Configuration Identification and Component Selection Strategy 344 16.1 Definitions of Key Terms 345 16.2 Items: Building Blocks of Systems 347 16.3 Understanding Configuration Identification Semantics 347 16.4 Configuration Item (CI) Implementation 352 16.5 Developmental Configuration Baselines 355 16.6 Component Selection and Development 358 16.7 Vendor Product Semantics 359 16.8 Component Selection Methodology 360 16.9 Driving Issues that Influence COTS/NDI Selection 361 16.10 Chapter Summary 363 16.11 Chapter Exercises 363 16.12 References 364 17 System Documentation Strategy 365 17.1 Definitions of Key Terms 366 17.2 Quality System and Engineering Data Records 366 17.3 System Design and Development Data 367 17.4 Data Accession List (DAL) and Data Criteria List (DCL) 368 17.5 SE and Development Documentation Sequencing 369 17.6 Documentation Levels of Formality 370 17.7 Export Control of Sensitive Data and Technology 371 17.8 System Documentation Issues 373 17.9 Chapter Summary 374 17.10 Chapter Exercises 374 17.11 References 375 18 Technical Reviews Strategy 376 18.1 Definitions of Key Terms 376 18.2 Approach to this Chapter 378 18.3 Technical Reviews Overview 378 18.4 Conduct of Technical Reviews 380 18.5 Contract Review Requirements 381 18.6 In-Process Reviews (IPRs) 383 18.7 Contract Technical Reviews 384 18.8 Chapter Summary 395 18.9 Chapter Exercises 395 18.10 References 396 19 System Specification Concepts 397 19.1 Definitions of Key Terms 397 19.2 What is a Specification? 398 19.3 Attributes of a Well-Defined Specification 400 19.4 Types of Specifications 403 19.5 Key Elements of a Specification 405 19.6 Specification Requirements 408 19.7 Chapter Summary 413 19.8 Chapter Exercises 413 19.9 References 414 20 Specification Development Approaches 415 20.1 Definitions of Key Terms 415 20.2 Approach to this Chapter 416 20.3 Introduction to Specification Development 416 20.4 Specification Development Approaches 420 20.5 Special Topics 426 20.6 Specification Reviews 426 20.7 Chapter Summary 428 20.8 Chapter Exercises 428 20.9 Reference 428 21 Requirements Derivation, Allocation, Flow Down, and Traceability 429 21.1 Definitions of Key Terms 429 21.2 Approach to this Chapter 430 21.3 Introduction to Requirements Derivation, Allocation Flowdown, & Traceability 430 21.4 Requirements Derivation Methods 436 21.5 Requirements Derivation and Allocation Across Entity Boundaries 436 21.6 Requirements Allocation 438 21.7 Requirements Traceability 439 21.8 Technical Performance Measures (TPMs) 442 21.9 Chapter Summary 445 21.10 Chapter Exercises 445 21.11 References 445 22 Requirements Statement Development 446 22.1 Definition of Key Terms 446 22.2 Approach to this Chapter 446 22.3 Introduction to Requirements Statement Development 447 22.4 Preparing the Requirement Statement 449 22.5 Selection of Requirement Verification Methods 453 22.6 Requirements Traceability and Verification Tools 456 22.7 Requirements Statement Development Guidelines 459 22.8 When Does a Requirement Become "Official"? 462 22.9 Chapter Summary 462 22.10 Chapter Exercises 464 22.11 References 464 23 Specification Analysis 465 23.1 Definition of Key Terms 465 23.2 Analyzing Existing Specifications 466 23.3 Specification Assessment Checklist 467 23.4 Specification Analysis Methods 471 23.5 Specification Deficiencies Checklist 472 23.6 Resolution of Specification COI/CTI Issues 476 23.7 Requirements Compliance 477 23.8 Chapter Summary 478 23.9 Chapter Exercises 478 23.10 References 479 24 User-Centered System Design (UCSD) 480 24.1 Definitions of Key Terms 481 24.2 Approach to this Chapter 483 24.3 Introduction to UCSD 484 24.4 Understanding Human Factors (HF) and Ergonomics 493 24.5 Situational Assessment: Areas of Concern 509 24.6 Complex System Development 512 24.7 SE HF and Ergonomics Actions 512 24.8 Chapter Summary 514 24.9 Chapter Exercises 515 24.10 References 515 25 Engineering Standards of Units, Coordinate Systems, and Conventions 518 25.1 Definitions of Key Terms 518 25.2 Approach to this Chapter 519 25.3 Engineering Standards 520 25.4 Standards for Units, Weights, and Measures 520 25.5 Coordinate Reference Systems 522 25.6 Defining a System's Free Body Dynamics 534 25.7 Applying Engineering Standards and Conventions 538 25.8 Engineering Standards and Conventions Lessons Learned 538 25.9 Chapter Summary 540 25.10 Chapter Exercises 540 25.11 References 541 26 System and Entity Architecture Development 542 26.1 Definitions of Key Terms 542 26.2 Approach to this Chapter 543 26.3 Introduction to System Architecture Development 544 26.4 Development of System Architectures 554 26.5 Advanced System Architecture Topics 559 26.6 Chapter Summary 572 26.7 Chapter Exercises 573 26.8 References 574 27 System Interface Definition, Analysis, Design, and Control 575 27.1 Definitions of Key Terms 576 27.2 Approach to this Chapter 576 27.3 Interface Ownership, Work Products, and Control Concepts 577 27.4 Interface Definition Methodology 583 27.5 Interface Design--Advanced Topics 588 27.6 Interface Definition and Control Challenges and Solutions 592 27.7 Chapter Summary 597 27.8 Chapter Exercises 598 27.9 References 598 28 System Integration, Test, and Evaluation (SITE) 599 28.1 Definitions of Key Terms 599 28.2 SITE Fundamentals 601 28.3 Key Elements of Site 604 28.4 Planning for Site 610 28.5 Establishing the Test Organization 612 28.6 Developing Test Cases (TCs) and Acceptance Test Procedures (ATPs) 613 28.7 Performing SITE Tasks 614 28.8 Common Integration and Test Challenges and Issues 617 28.9 Chapter Summary 621 28.10 Chapter Exercises 621 28.11 References 622 29 System Deployment, OM&S, Retirement, and Disposal 623 29.1 Definitions of Key Terms 624 29.2 Approach to this Chapter 625 29.3 System Deployment Operations 626 29.4 System Operation, Maintenance, & Sustainment (OM&S) 638 29.5 System Retirement (Phase-Out) Operations 645 29.6 System Disposal Operations 646 29.7 Chapter Summary 646 29.8 Chapter Exercises 646 29.9 References 647 PART III ANALYTICAL DECISION SUPPORT PRACTICES 649 30 Introduction to Analytical Decision Support 651 30.1 Definitions of Key Terms 651 30.2 What is Analytical Decision Support? 652 30.3 Attributes of Technical Decisions 652 30.4 Types of Engineering Analyses 654 30.5 System Performance Analysis and Evaluation 654 30.6 Statistical Influences on System Design 659 30.7 Chapter Summary 664 30.8 General Exercises 665 30.9 References 665 31 System Performance Analysis, Budgets, and Safety Margins 666 31.1 Definitions of Key Terms 667 31.2 Performance "Design-To" Budgets and Safety Margins 667 31.3 Analyzing System Performance 672 31.4 Real-Time Control and Frame-Based Systems 679 31.5 System Performance Optimization 679 31.6 System Analysis Reporting 680 31.7 Chapter Summary 680 31.8 Chapter Exercises 680 31.9 References 681 32 Trade Study Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) 682 32.1 Definitions of Key Terms 682 32.2 Introduction to Multivariate Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) 683 32.3 Chartering a Trade Study 688 32.4 Establishing the Trade Study Methodology 689 32.5 Trade Study Quantitative Approaches 690 32.6 Trade Study Utility or Scoring Functions 695 32.7 Sensitivity Analysis 696 32.8 Trade Study Reports (TSRs) 696 32.9 Trade Study Decision 697 32.10 Trade Study Risk Areas 699 32.11 Trade Study Lessons Learned 701 32.12 Chapter Summary 701 32.13 Chapter Exercises 701 32.14 References 701 33 System Modeling and Simulation (M&S) 703 33.1 Definitions of Key Terms 704 33.2 Technical Decision-Making Aids 705 33.3 Simulation-Based Models 705 33.4 Application Examples of M&S 709 33.5 M&S Challenges and Issues 717 33.6 Chapter Summary 719 33.7 Chapter Exercises 719 33.8 References 720 34 System Reliability, Maintainability, and Availability (RMA) 721 34.1 Definitions of Key Terms 722 34.2 Approach to this Chapter 723 34.3 System Reliability 725 34.4 Understanding System Maintainability 768 34.5 System Availability 779 34.6 Optimizing RMA Trade-Offs 781 34.7 Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) 783 34.8 System RMA Challenges 788 34.9 Chapter Summary 789 34.10 Chapter Exercises 789 34.11 References 790 EPILOG 792 Appendix A Acronyms and Abbreviations 795 Appendix B INCOSE Handbook Traceability 801 Appendix C System Modeling Language (SysML(TM)) Constructs 811 INDEX 821