Combustion

1 Introduction, Fundamental Definitions and Phenomena.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Some Fundamental Definitions.- 1.3 Basic Flame Types.- 1.4 Exercises.- 2 Experimental Investigation of Flames.- 2.1 Velocity Measurements.- 2.2 Density Measurement.- 2.3 Concentration Measurements.- 2.4 Temperature Measurements.- 2.5 Pressure Measurements.- 2.6 Measurement of Particle Sizes.- 2.7 Exercises.- 3 Mathematical Description of Laminar Flat Premixed Flames.- 3.1 Conservation Equations for Laminar Flat Premixed Flames.- 3.2 Heat and Mass Transport.- 3.3 The Description of a Laminar Premixed Flat Flame Front.- 3.4 Exercises.- 4 Thermodynamics of Combustion Processes.- 4.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics.- 4.2 Standard Enthalpies of Formation.- 4.3 Heat Capacities.- 4.4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics.- 4.5 The Third Law of Thermodynamics.- 4.6 Equilibrium Criteria and Thermodynamic Variables.- 4.7 Equilibrium in Gas Mixtures; Chemical Potential.- 4.8 Determination of Equilibrium Compositions in Gases.- 4.9 Determination of Adiabatic Flame Temperatures.- 4.10 Tabulation of Thermodynamic Data.- 4.11 Exercises.- 5 Transport Phenomena.- 5.1 A Simple Physical Model of the Transport Processes.- 5.2 Heat Conduction in Gases.- 5.3 Viscosity of Gases.- 5.4 Diffusion in Gases.- 5.5 Thermal Diffusion, Dufour-Effect, and Pressure Diffusion.- 5.6 Comparison with Experiments.- 5.7 Exercises.- 6 Chemical Kinetics.- 6.1 Rate Laws and Reaction Orders.- 6.2 Relation of Forward and Reverse Reactions.- 6.3 Elementary Reactions, Reaction Molecularity.- 6.4 Experimental Investigation of Elementary Reactions.- 6.5 Temperature Dependence of Rate Coefficients.- 6.6 Pressure Dependence of Rate Coefficients.- 6.7 Surface Reactions.- 6.8 Exercises.- 7. Reaction Mechanisms.- 7.1 Characteristics of Reaction Mechanisms.- 7.1.1 Quasi-Steady States.- 7.1.2 Partial Equilibrium.- 7.2 Analysis of Reaction Mechanisms.- 7.2.1 Sensitivity Analysis.- 7.2.2 Reaction Flow Analysis.- 7.2.3 Eigenvalue Analyses of Chemical Reaction Systems.- 7.3 Stiffness of Ordinary Differential Equation Systems.- 7.4 Simplification of Reaction Mechanisms.- 7.5 Radical Chain Reactions.- 7.6 Exercises.- 8 Laminar Premixed Flames.- 8.1 Zeldovich's Analysis of Flame Propagation.- 8.2 Numerical Solution of the Conservation Equations.- 8.2.1 Spatial Discretization.- 8.2.2 Initial Values, Boundary Conditions, Stationary Solution.- 8.2.3 Explicit Solution Methods.- 8.2.4 Implicit Solution Methods.- 8.2.5 Semi-implicit Solution of Partial Differential Equations.- 8.2.6 Implicit Solution of Partial Differential Equations.- 8.3 Flame Structures.- 8.4 Flame Velocities.- 8.5 Sensitivity Analysis.- 8.6 Exercises.- 9 Laminar Nonpremixed Flames.- 9.1 Coimterflow Nonpremixed Flames.- 9.2 Laminar Jet Nonpremixed Flames.- 9.3 Nonpremixed Flames With Fast Chemistry.- 9.4 Exercises.- 10 Ignition Processes.- 10.1 Semenov's Analysis of Thermal Explosions.- 10.2 Frank-Kamenetskifs Analysis of Thermal Explosions.- 10.3 Autoignition: Ignition Limits.- 10.4 Autoignition: Ignition-Delay Time.- 10.5 Induced Ignition, Minimum Ignition Energies.- 10.6 Spark Ignition.- 10.7 Detonations.- 10.8 Exercises.- 11 The Navier-Stokes-Equations for Three-Dimensional Reacting Flows.- 11.1 The Conservation Equations.- 11.1.1 Overall Mass Conservation.- 11.1.2 Species Mass Conservation.- 11.1.3 Momentum Conservation.- 11.1.4 Energy Conservation.- 11.2 The Empirical Laws.- 11.2.1 Newton's Law.- 11.2.2 Fourier's Law.- 11.2.3 Fick's Law and Thermal Diffusion.- 11.2.4 Calculation of the Transport Coefficients from Molecular Parameters.- 11.3 Appendix: Some Definitions and Laws from Vector- and Tensor-Analysis.- 11.4 Exercises.- 12 Turbulent Reacting Flows.- 12.1 Some Fundamental Phenomena.- 12.2 Direct Numerical Simulation.- 12.3 Concepts for Turbulence Modeling: Probability Density Functions (PDFs).- 12.4 Concepts for Turbulence Modeling: Time- and Favre-Averaging.- 12.5 Averaged Conservation Equations.- 12.6 Turbulence Models.- 12.7 Mean Reaction Rates.- 12.8 Eddy-Break-Up-Models.- 12.9 Large-Eddy Simulation (LES).- 12.10 Turbulent Scales.- 12.11 Exercises.- 13 Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames.- 13.1 Nonpremixed Flames with Equilibrium Chemistry.- 13.2 Finite-Rate Chemistry in Nonpremixed Flames.- 13.3 Flame Extinction.- 13.4 PDF-Simulations of Turbulent Non-Premixed Flames.- 13.5 Exercises.- 14 Turbulent Premixed Flames.- 14.1 Classification of Turbulent Premixed Flames.- 14.2 Flamelet Models.- 14.3 Turbulent Flame Velocity.- 14.4 Flame Extinction.- 14.5 Other Models of Turbulent Premixed Combustion.- 14.6 Exercises.- 15 Combustion of Liquid and Solid Fuels.- 15.1 Droplet and Spray Combustion.- 15.1.1 Combustion of Single Droplets.- 15.1.2 Combustion of Sprays.- 15.2 Coal Combustion.- 16 Engine Knock.- 16.1 Fundamental Phenomena.- 16.2 High Temperature Oxidation.- 16.3 Low Temperature Oxidation.- 16.4 Knock Damages.- 16.5 Exercises.- 17 Formation of Nitric Oxides.- 17.1 Thermal NO (Zeldovich-NO).- 17.2 Prompt NO (Fenimore-NO).- 17.3 NO Generated via Nitrous Oxide.- 17.4 Conversion of Fuel Nitrogen into NO.- 17.5 NO Reduction by Primary Methods.- 17.6 NO-Reduction by Secondary Methods.- 18 Formation of Hydrocarbons and Soot.- 18.1 Unburnt Hydrocarbons.- 18.1.1 Flame Extinction Due to Strain.- 18.1.2 Flame Extinction at Walls and in Gaps.- 18.2 Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH).- 18.3 The Phenomenology of Soot Formation.- 18.4 Modelling and Simulation of Soot Formation.- 19 References.- 20 Keyword Index.