MRI of the Head and Neck

1 Introduction.- 1.1 The Problem and the Goal.- 1.2 Clinical Presentation.- 1.3 Imaging Modalities in the Head and Neck.- 1.4 Methods of Treatment.- 2 Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 2.1 Principles of Magnetic Resonance.- 2.2 Parameters of MRI.- 2.3 Equipment.- 2.4 Pulse Sequences and Special Techniques.- 2.5 Biologic Effects and Safety Considerations.- 3 Examination Technique.- 3.1 Coil Technology.- 3.2 Sequences and Specific Examination Protocols.- 3.3 Fast Sequences and Dynamic MRI.- 4 Contrast Media.- 4.1 Basic Principles.- 4.2 Pharmacology of Gd-DTPA.- 4.3 Safety Profile of Gd-DTPA.- 4.4 Examination Protocols.- 4.5 Clinical Indications.- 4.6 Summary.- 5 Signal Intensity and Relaxation.- 5.1 In Vivo Results.- 6 Temporal Bone, Middle Skull Base, and Cerebellopontine Angle.- 6.1 Clinical Findings.- 6.2 Examination Technique.- 6.3 The Topographic Basis for the Evaluation of MR Images.- 6.4 Sensitivity and Specificity of MRI in Relation to Other Imaging Modalities.- 6.5 Acoustic Neuroma.- 6.6 Other Neuromas.- 6.7 Glomus Tumors.- 6.8 Meningioma.- 6.9 Epidermoid.- 6.10 Cholesteatoma and Other Tumors of the Pyramid Apex.- 6.11 Tumors of the Posterior Cranial Fossa.- 6.12 Overall Efficacy of MRI.- 6.13 Diagnostic Strategy.- 7 Orbit.- 7.1 Clinical Findings.- 7.2 Examination Technique.- 7.3 Topographic Relations.- 7.4 Ocular Lesions.- 7.5 Optic Nerve/Sheath Lesions.- 7.6 Intra- and Extraconal Lesions.- 7.7 Summary.- 8 Nasopharynx and Paranasal Sinuses.- 8.1 Clinical Findings.- 8.2 Examination Technique.- 8.3 Topographic Relations.- 8.4 Lesions of the Nasopharynx.- 8.5 Lesions of the Parapharyngeal Space.- 8.6 Lesions of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses.- 8.7 Value of MRI and Diagnostic Procedure.- 9 Salivary Glands.- 9.1 Clinical Findings.- 9.2 Examination Technique.- 9.3 Topographic Relations.- 9.4 Inflammatory Changes.- 9.5 Benign Lesions.- 9.6 Malignant Lesions.- 9.7 Value of MRI and Diagnostic Procedure.- 10 Oral Cavity and Oropharynx.- 10.1 Clinical Findings.- 10.2 Examination Technique.- 10.3 Topographic Relations.- 10.4 Squamous Cell Carcinoma.- 10.5 Other Lesions.- 10.6 Diagnostic Strategy.- 11 Larynx and Hypopharynx.- 11.1 Clinical Findings.- 11.2 Examination Technique.- 11.3 Topographic Relations.- 11.4 Tumor Classification.- 11.5 Differential Diagnosis.- 11.6 Characteristic Diagnostic Findings.- 12 Neck.- 12.1 Clinical Findings.- 12.2 Examination Technique.- 12.3 Topographic Relations.- 12.4 Thyroid Gland.- 12.5 Parathyroid Glands.- 12.6 Lymph Nodes.- 12.7 Soft Tissue Masses.- 12.8 Vascular Lesions.- 12.9 Value of MRI and Diagnostic Strategy.- 13 Temporomandibular Joint.- 13.1 Clinical Approach.- 13.2 Examination Technique.- 13.3 Topographic Relations.- 13.4 MRI and Clinical Findings.- 14 Three Dimensional MRI.- 14.1 Principles.- 14.2 Skull Base, Face, and Neck.- 14.3 Technique and Prospects.- 15 Clinical Application of Magnetic Resonance Angiography.- 15.1 Selective Arterial MRA.- 15.2 Selective Venous MRA.- 16 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.- 16.1 Technical Considerations.- 16.2 Clinical Spectroscopy of the Head and Neck.- 16.3 Discussion.- 16.4 Prospects.- 17 Conclusions.