Environmental Engineering

Preface1. Environmental Engineering Civil Engineering Public Health Ecology Ethics Environmental Engineering as a Profession2. Risk Analysis Risk Expression of Risk Assessment of Risk Exposure and Latency Dose-Response Evaluation Population Responses Problems3. Water Pollution Sources of Water Pollution Elements of Aquatic Ecology Biodegradation Aerobic and Anaerobic Decomposition Effect of Pollution on Streams Effect of Pollution on Lakes Heavy Metals and Toxic Substances Effect of Pollution on Oceans Conclusion Problems4. Measurement of Water Quality Sampling Dissolved Oxygen Biochemical Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand Total Organic Carbon Turbidity Color and Odor pH Solids Nitrogen Phosphates Bacteriological Measurements Viruses Heavy Metals Trace Toxic Organics Conclusion Problems5. Water Supply The Hydrologic Cycle and Water Availability Groundwater Supplies Surface Water Supplies Water Transmission Elements of Closed-Conduit Hydraulics Closed-Conduit Flow Pumps and Pumping Pump Characteristic Curves System Head Curves Operating Head and Discharge Conclusion Problems6. Water Treatment Coagulation and Flocculation Settling Filtration Disinfection Conclusion Problems7. Collection of Wastewater Estimating Wastewater Quantities System Layout Sewer Hydraulics Conclusion Problems8. Wastewater Treatment Wastewater Characteristics Onsite Wastewater Disposal Central Wastewater Treatment Primary Treatment Settling Tank Design and Operation Secondary Treatment Biological Process Dynamics Applied to the Activated Sludge System Tertiary Treatment Conclusion Problems9. Sludge Treatment and Disposal Sources of Sludge Characteristics of Sludges Sludge Treatment Sludge Stabilization Sludge Thickening Sludge Dewatering Ultimate Disposal Conclusion Problems10. Nonpoint Source Water Pollution The Runoff Process The Art and Science of Developing and Applying Loading Functions for Sediment Detachment and Transport Control Technologies Applicable to Nonpoint Source Pollution Agriculture Silviculture Construction Mining Urban Stormwater Runoff Conclusion Problems11. Water Pollution Law Common Law Statutory Law Pretreatment Guidelines Drinking Water Standards Conclusion Problems12. Solid Waste Quantities and Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste Collection Disposal Options Litter Conclusion Problems13. Solid Waste Disposal Disposal of Unprocessed Refuse Volume Reduction Before Disposal Conclusion Problems14. Resource Recovery Source Separation Solid Waste Separation Processes Size Reduction Shredder Performance and Design General Expressions for Materials Recovery Screens Air Classifiers Magnets Other Separation Equipment Energy Recovery from the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste Conclusion Problems15. Hazardous Waste Magnitude of the Problem Waste Processing and Handling Transportation of Hazardous Wastes Resource Recovery Alternatives Information Clearinghouses Materials Exchanges Hazardous Waste Management Facilities Siting Considerations Incinerators Landfills Conclusion Problems16. Radioactive Waste Radiation Radioactive Decay Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation Units for Measuring Radiation Measuring Radiation Health Effects Sources of Radioactive Waste The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Reprocessing Waste Other Reactor Waste Other Sources of Radioactive Waste Movement Through the Environment Radioactive Waste Management High-Level Radioactive Waste TRU Waste Low-Level Radioactive Waste Conclusions Problems17. Solid and Hazardous Waste Law Nonhazardous Solid Waste Hazardous Waste Conclusion Problems18. Air Pollution Types of Air Pollutants Gaseous Pollutants Particulate Pollutants The Greenhouse Effect Sources of Air Pollution Sulfur Dioxide Oxides of Nitrogen Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons Primary and Secondary Sources Ozone (Photochemical Oxidant) Acid Rain Suspended Particulate Matter Lead Hazardous Substances Health Effects The Respiratory System Carbon Monoxide Particulate Matter Effects on Vegetation Effects on Domestic Animals Effects on Materials Effects on Atmosphere Conclusion Problems19. Meteorology and Air Quality Basic Meteorology Horizontal Dispersion of Pollutants Vertical Dispersion of Pollutants Effect of Water in the Atmosphere Atmospheric Dispersion Cleansing the Atmosphere Gravity Surface Sink Precipitation Conclusion Problems20. Measurement of Air Quality Measurement of Particulates Measurement of Gases Reference Methods Grab Samples Stack Sampling Smoke and Opacity Conclusion Problems21. Air Pollution Control Source Correction Collection of Pollutants Cooling Treatment Settling Chambers Cyclones Bag (or Fabric) Filters Wet Collectors Electrostatic Precipitators Comparison of Particulate Control Devices Control of Gaseous Pollutants Control of Sulfur Oxides Control of Nitrogen Oxides Control of Volatile Organics and Odors Control of Moving Sources Conclusion Problems22. Air Pollution Law Air Quality and Common Law Tort Law Property Law Statutory Law National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Regulation of Emissions Prevention of Significant Deterioration Hazardous Air Pollutants Mobile Sources Nonattainment Problems of Implementation Conclusion Problems23. Noise Pollution The Concept of Sound Sound Pressure Level, Frequency, and Propagation The Acoustic Environment Health Effects of Noise The Dollar Cost of Noise Degradation of Environmental Quality Conclusion Problems24. Noise Measurement and Control Sound Level Measuring Transient Noise Noise Control Industrial Noise Control Community Noise Control Noise in the Home Conclusion Problems25. Environmental Impact and Economic Assessment Environmental Impact Environmental Inventories Environmental Assessment Evaluation Socioeconomic Impact Assessment Financing of Capital Expenditures Increases in User Charges Sociological Impacts Conclusions Problems26. The Environmental Ethic Causes of the Problem of Our Incompatibility with Nature Religion as the Cause Social Structure as the Cause Science and Technology as the Cause Resolution of Environmental Conflicts The Future of the Environmental Ethic ProblemsAppendix : Conversion FactorsIndex