Bioethics

*=NEW TO THIS EDITION ; CHAPTERS 3-10 INCLUDE AN "APPLYING MAJOR THEORIES" SECTION. ; CHAPTERS 3-11 INCLUDE CASES FOR EVALUATION. ; EACH CHAPTER INCLUDES KEY TERMS, A SUMMARY, FURTHER READING, AND NOTES. ; PART 1. PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES ; CHAPTER 1. MORAL REASONING IN BIOETHICS ; Ethics and Bioethics ; Ethics and the Moral Life ; Moral Principles in Bioethics ; Ethical Relativism ; Ethics and Religion ; Moral Arguments ; CHAPTER 2. BIOETHICS AND MORAL THEORIES ; The Nature of Moral Theories ; Influential Moral Theories ; Criteria for Judging Moral Theories ; Applying the Criteria ; * READINGS: ; * "Utilitarianism," John Stuart Mill ; * "The Moral Law," Immanuel Kant ; * "Virtue and the Moral Life," Bernard Mayo ; * "The Ethics of Care," Virginia Held ; PART 2. MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL AND PATIENT ; CHAPTER 3. PATERNALISM AND PATIENT AUTONOMY ; Shades of Autonomy and Paternalism ; Refusing Treatment ; Futile Treatment ; Classic Case File: Elizabeth Bouvia ; READINGS: ; "Paternalism," Gerald Dworkin ; "The Refutation of Medical Paternalism," Alan Goldman ; "Why Doctors Should Intervene," Terrence F. Ackerman ; "Autonomy, Futility, and the Limits of Medicine," Robert L. Schwartz ; Bouvia v. Superior Court, California Court of Appeals ; "Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship," AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs ; "Code of Ethics for Nurses," American Nurses Association ; *"IN DEFENSE OF THE TRADITIONAL NURSE," LISA H. NEWTON ; *"ADVOCACY OR SUBSERVIENCE FOR THE SAKE OF PATIENTS?" HELGA KUHSE ; CHAPTER 4. TRUTH-TELLING AND CONFIDENTIALITY ; Paternalism and Deception ; Confidential Truths ; Classic Case File: Carlos R. ; READINGS: ; "Telling the Truth to Patients: A Clinical Ethics Exploration," David C. Thomasma ; "On Telling Patients the Truth," Mack Lipkin ; "On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives," Immanuel Kant ; "Respect for Patients, Physicians, and the Truth," Susan Cullen and Margaret Klein ; "Why Privacy Is Important," James Rachels ; "Confidentiality in Medicine--A Decrepit Concept," Mark Siegler ; *"Ethical Relativism in a Multicultural Society," Ruth Macklin ; Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, Supreme Court of California ; CHAPTER 5. INFORMED CONSENT ; Autonomy and Consent ; Conditions of Informed Consent ; Classic Case File: Jerry Canterbury ; READINGS: ; "The Concept of Informed Consent," Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp ; "Informed Consent--Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?" Jay Katz ; "Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care," Howard Brody ; "Informed Consent: Some Challenges to the Universal Validity of the Western Model," Robert J. Levine ; Canterbury v. Spence, United States Court of Appeals ; CHAPTER 6. HUMAN RESEARCH ; The Science of Clinical Trials ; Beneficence, Science, and Placebos ; Science and Informed Consent ; Research on the Vulnerable ; Classic Case File: The UCLA Schizophrenia Study ; READINGS: ; Declaration of Helsinki, World Medical Association ; "The Belmont Report," National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research ; "Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments ; "Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial," Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman ; "A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients," Benjamin Freedman ; "How to Resolve an Ethical Dilemma Concerning Randomized Clinical Trials," Don Marquis ; * "Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study," Allan M. Brandt ; "The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World," Marcia Angell ; "Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries," Baruch Brody ; PART 3. LIFE AND DEATH ; CHAPTER 7. ABORTION ; Starting Point: The Basics ; Persons and Rights ; Classic Case File: Nancy Klein ; READINGS: ; "A Defense of Abortion," Judith Jarvis Thomson ; "Why Abortion Is Immoral," Don Marquis ; "An Almost Absolute Value in History," John T. Noonan, Jr. ; "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion," Mary Anne Warren ; "Abortion Decisions: Personal Morality," Daniel Callahan ; "Abortion and the Concept of a Person," Jane English ; "In Defense of Abortion and Infanticide," Michael Tooley ; "Abortion Through a Feminist Ethic Lens," Susan Sherwin ; Roe v. Wade, U.S. Supreme Court ; Planned Parenthood v. Casey, U.S. Supreme Court ; CHAPTER 8. REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY ; In Vitro Fertilization ; Surrogacy ; Cloning ; Classic Case File: Baby M ; READINGS: ; "IVF: The Simple Case," Peter Singer ; "IVF and Women's Interests: An Analysis of Feminist Concerns," Mary Anne Warren ; "'Give Me Children or I Shall Die!' New Reproductive Technologies and Harm to Children," Cynthia B. Cohen ; "Instruction on Respect for Human Life in Its Origin and on the Dignity of Procreation," Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith ; * "The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty," John A. Robertson ; "Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?," Laura M. Purdy ; "On 'Surrogacy,'" Barbara Katz Rothman ; * Is Women's Labor a Commodity?," Elizabeth S. Anderson ; "The Wisdom of Repugnance," Leon R. Kass ; "Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con," Dan W. Brock ; Opinion in the Matter of Baby M, New Jersey Supreme Court ; CHAPTER 9. GENETIC CHOICES ; Genes and Genomes ; Genetic Testing ; Gene Therapy ; Stem Cells ; Classic Case File: The Kingsburys ; READINGS: ; "Implications of Prenatal Diagnosis for the Human Right to Life," Leon R. Kass ; "Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral?," Laura M. Purdy ; "The Morality of Screening for Disability," Jeff McMahan ; * Genetic Dilemmas and the Child's Right to an Open Future," Dena S. Davis ; "Disowning Knowledge: Issues in Genetic Testing," Robert Wachbroit ; "The Non-Identity Problem and Genetic Harms--the Case of Wrongful Handicaps," Dan W. Brock ; "Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics?," John Harris ; "Genetic Enhancement," Walter Glannon ; "Germ-Line Gene Therapy," LeRoy Walters and Julie Gage Palmer ; "What Does 'Respect for Embryos' Mean in the Context of Stem Cell Research?," Bonnie Steinbock ; "Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells," Pontifical Academy for Life ; CHAPTER 10. EUTHANASIA & PHYSICIAN-ASSISTED SUICIDE ; Deciding Life and Death ; Autonomy, Mercy, and Harm ; Classic Case File: Nancy Cruzan ; READINGS: ; *"Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making," Timothy E. Quill ; "Voluntary Active Euthanasia," Dan W. Brock ; "When Self-Determination Runs Amok," Daniel Callahan ; "When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok," John Lachs ; "Physician-Assisted Suicide: A Tragic View," John D. Arras ; "Active and Passive Euthanasia," James Rachels ; "The Distinction Between Refusing Medical Treatment and Suicide," New York State Task Force on Life and the Law ; "The Philosophers' Brief," Ronald Dworkin, Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, Thomas Scanlon, and Judith Jarvis Thomson ; Vacco v. Quill, U.S. Supreme Court ; Washington v. Glucksberg, U.S. Supreme Court ; PART 4. JUSTICE AND HEALTH CARE ; CHAPTER 11. DIVIDING UP HEALTH CARE RESOURCES ; Health Care in Trouble ; Theories of Justice ; A Right to Health Care ; The Ethics of Rationing ; Classic Case File: Christine deMeurers ; READINGS: ; "Is There a Right to Health Care and, if So, What Does It Encompass?," Norman Daniels ; "The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care," Allen E. Buchanan ; "Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude," H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. ; * Health Care Reform: Lessons from Canada," Raisa Berlin Debar ; "Rationing Fairly: Programmatic Considerations," Norman Daniels ; "The Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy," Nicholas Rescher ; "QALYfying the Value of Life," John Harris ; "The Prostitute, the Playboy, and the Poet: Rationing Schemes for Organ Transplantation," George J. Annas