Bioethics

Preface PART 1. PRINCIPLES AND THEORIES Chapter 1: Moral Reasoning in Bioethics
Ethics and Bioethics
Ethics and the Moral Life
In Depth: Morality and the Law
Moral Principles in Bioethics
Autonomy
Nonmaleficence
Beneficence
Utility
Justice
Ethical Relativism
In Depth: Anthropology and Moral Diversity
Ethics and Religion
Moral Arguments
Argument Fundamentals
Patterns of Moral Arguments
Review: Valid and Invalid Argument Forms
In Depth: Fallacies in Moral Reasoning
Evaluating Premises
Assessing Whole Arguments
Obstacles to Critical Reasoning
Key Terms
Summary
Argument Exercises
Further Reading
Notes Chapter 2: Bioethics and Moral Theories
The Nature of Moral Theories
Influential Moral Theories
Utilitarianism
In Depth: Utilitarianism and the Golden Rule
Kantian Ethics
Principlism
Natural Law Theory
Rawls' Contract Theory
Virtue Ethics
In Depth: Can Virtue Be Taught?
The Ethics of Care
Feminist Ethics
Casuistry
Criteria for Judging Moral Theories
Review: Evaluating Moral Theories: Criteria of Adequacy
Applying the Criteria
Utilitarianism
Kant's Theory
Key Terms
Summary
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"Utilitarianism,> " John Stuart Mill
<"The Moral Law,> " Immanuel Kant
Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle
<"The Need for More Than Justice,> " Annette C. Baier
<"Moral Saints,> " Susan Wolf PART 2. MEDICAL PROFESSIONAL AND PATIENT Chapter 3: Paternalism and Patient Autonomy
Shades of Autonomy and Paternalism
Refusing Treatment
In Depth: Physician Autonomy
Legal Brief: Advance Directives
Futile Treatment
Legal Brief: Refusing Treatment for Children on Religious Grounds
In Depth: CPR and DNR
In Depth: Moral Conflicts in Nursing
Classic Case File: Elizabeth Bouvia
Applying Major Theories
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"Paternalism,> " Gerald Dworkin
<"The Refutation of Medical Paternalism,> " Alan Goldman
<"Why Doctors Should Intervene,> " Terrence F. Ackerman
<"Autonomy, Futility, and the Limits of Medicine,> " Robert L. Schwartz
<"Four Models of the Physician-Patient Relationship,> " Ezekiel J. Emanuel and Linda L. Emanuel
<"Confronting Death: Who Chooses, Who Controls? A Dialogue Between Dax Cowart and Robert Burt,> " Dax Cowart and Robert Burt
Bouvia v. Superior Court, California Court of Appeal
<"Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship,> " AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs
<"Advocacy or Subservience for the Sake of Patients?> " Helga Kuhse Chapter 4: Truth-Telling and Confidentiality
Paternalism and Deception?
In Depth: Do Patients Want the Truth? Do Physicians Tell It?
Confidential Truths
Legal Brief: Confidentiality and a Duty to Warn
In Depth: Truth-Telling and Cultural Diversity
Classic Case File: Carlos R.
Applying Major Theories
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"On Telling Patients the Truth,> " Mack Lipkin
<"Is It Ever OK to Lie to Patients?,> " Shelly K. Schwartz
<"Why Privacy Is Important,> " James Rachels
<"Confidentiality in Medicine-A Decrepit Concept,> " Mark Siegler
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, Supreme Court of California Chapter 5: Informed Consent
Autonomy and Consent
Conditions of Informed Consent
In Depth: Decision-Making Capacity
In Depth: Two Views of Informed Consent
Legal Brief: Important Informed Consent Cases?
Applying Major Theories
Classic Case File: Jerry Canterbury
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"The Concept of Informed Consent,> " Ruth R. Faden and Tom L. Beauchamp
<"Informed Consent-Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?> " Jay Katz
<"Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care,> " Howard Brody
Canterbury v. Spence, United States Court of Appeals Chapter 6: Human Research
The Science of Clinical Trials
In Depth: The Tuskegee Tragedy
Beneficence, Science, and Placebos
Science and Informed Consent
In Depth: Women in Clinical Trials
Research on the Vulnerable
In Depth: Why Enter a Clinical Trial?
Applying Major Theories
Key Terms
Summary
Classic Case File: The UCLA Schizophrenia Study
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
The Nuremberg Code
Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, World Medical Association
<"The Belmont Report,> " The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
<"Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments,> " Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments
<"Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial,> " Samuel Hellman and Deborah S. Hellman
<"A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients,> " Benjamin Freedman
<"Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study,> " Allan M. Brandt
<"The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World,> " Marcia Angell
<"Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries,> " Baruch Brody PART 3. LIFE AND DEATH Chapter 7: Abortion
Starting Point: The Basics
Fact File: U.S. Abortions
In Depth: Abortion and Public Opinion
The Legal Struggle
In Depth: Abortions Performed Later in Pregnancy
Persons and Rights
In Depth: Does a Fetus Feel Pain?
Applying Major Theories
Key Terms
Summary
Classic Case File: Nancy Klein
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"A Defense of Abortion,> " Judith Jarvis Thomson
<"Why Abortion Is Immoral,> " Don Marquis
<"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion,> " Mary Anne Warren
<"Abortion and the Concept of a Person,> " Jane English
<"Abortion,> " Margaret Olivia Little
<"Abortion Through a Feminist Ethics Lens,> " Susan Sherwin
Roe v. Wade, United States Supreme Court
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, United States Supreme Court Chapter 8: Reproductive Technology
In Vitro Fertilization
Fact File: Assisted Reproduction
In Depth: <"Savior Siblings> "
Surrogacy
In Depth: IVF and Children's Future Children
Cloning
In Depth: Cloning Time Line
Applying Major Theories
In Depth: Sherri Shepherd: How Surrogacy Can Go Wrong
Key Terms
Summary
Classic Case File: Baby M
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"IVF: The Simple Case,> " Peter Singer
<"The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty,> " John A. Robertson
<"Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?> " Laura M. Purdy
<"Egg Donation and Commodification,> " Bonnie Steinbock
<"Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con,> " Dan W. Brock Chapter 9: Genetic Choices
Genes and Genomes
Genetic Testing
Gene Therapy
Fact File: Genetic Testing for Cancer Risk
Fact File: New Developments in Gene Therapy
Stem Cells
Applying Major Theories
Classic Case File: The Kingsburys
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral?> " Laura M. Purdy
<"The Morality of Screening for Disability,> " Jeff McMahan
<"Genetic Dilemmas and the Child's Right to an Open Future,> " Dena S. Davis
<"Disowning Knowledge: Issues in Genetic Testing,> " Robert Wachbroit
<"The Non-Identity Problem and Genetic Harms-The Case of Wrongful Handicaps,> " Dan W. Brock
<"Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics?> " John Harris
<"Genetic Enhancement,> " Walter Glannon
<"Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings,> " Julian Savulescu
<"Germ-Line Gene Therapy,> " LeRoy Walters and Julie Gage Palmer
<"What Does 'Respect for Embryos' Mean in the Context of Stem Cell Research?> " Bonnie Steinbock
Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Pontifical Academy for Life Chapter 10: Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide
Deciding Life and Death
Legal Brief: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Major Developments
In Depth: Assisted Suicide: What Do Doctors Think?
Autonomy, Mercy, and Harm
In Depth: Oregon's Death With Dignity Act
In Depth: End-of-Life Decisions in the Netherlands
Applying Major Theories
In Depth: Physician-Assisted Suicide and Public Opinion
Classic Case File: Nancy Cruzan
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making,> " Timothy E. Quill
<"Voluntary Active Euthanasia,> " Dan W. Brock
<"When Self-Determination Runs Amok,> " Daniel Callahan
<"Active and Passive Euthanasia,> " James Rachels
<"Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on (Un)Assisted Suicide,> " John Hardwig
<"The Philosophers' Brief,> " Ronald Dworkin, Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, Thomas Scanlon, and Judith Jarvis Thomson
<"Legalizing Assisted Dying Is Dangerous for Disabled People,> " Liz Carr
<"'For Now Have I My Death': The 'Duty to Die' Versus the Duty to Help the Ill Stay Alive,> " Felicia Ackerman
Vacco v. Quill, United States Supreme Court PART 4. JUSTICE AND HEALTH CARE Chapter 11: Dividing Up Health Care Resources
Health Care in Trouble
Fact File: U.S. Health Care
Theories of Justice
In Depth: Comparing Health Care Systems: United States, Canada, and Germany
A Right to Health Care
In Depth: Public Health and Bioethics
The Ethics of Rationing
Classic Case File: Christine deMeurers
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"Is There a Right to Health Care and, if So, What Does It Encompass?,> " Norman Daniels
<"The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care,> " Allen E. Buchanan
<"Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude,> " H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.
<"Mirror, Mirror?2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care,> " Eric C. Schneider, Dana O. Sarnak, David Squires, et al.
<"Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain,> " James F. Childress et al.
<"Human Rights Approach to Public Health Policy,> " D. Tarantola and S. Gruskin Chapter 12: Pandemic Ethics
Pandemic Facts
When Resources Are Scarce
Personal Choices In Depth: The Privilege of Social Distancing
Covid Falsehoods In Depth: Against Pandemic Falsehoods
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"Why Some Americans Refuse to Social Distance and Wear Masks,> " Michael Sandel and Colleen Walsh
<"Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of Covid-19,> " Ezekiel J. Emanuel, Govind Persad, Ross Upshur, et al
<"ICU Triage: How Many Lives or Whose Lives?> " Angela Ballantyne Chapter 13: Race, Racial Bias, and Health Care
Race and Racism
Health Disparities and Race
Implicit Bias in Health Care In Depth: Can Implicit Biases Be Changed?
Racial Profiling in Medicine
Key Terms
Summary
Cases for Evaluation
Further Reading
Notes
Readings:
<"Racial Profiling in Medicine,> " Michael Root Appendix
Glossary
Index