Towards 5G

List of Contributors xv List of Acronyms xix About the Companion Website xxxi Part I Overview of 5G 1 1 Introduction 3 Shilpa Talwar and Rath Vannithamby 1.1 Evolution of Cellular Systems through the Generations 3 1.2 Moving Towards 5G 4 1.3 5G Networks and Devices 5 1.4 Outline of the Book 7 References 8 2 5G Requirements 9 Anass Benjebbour, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Emerging Trends in Mobile Applications and Services 10 2.3 General Requirements 15 References 21 3 Collaborative 5G Research within the EU Framework of Funded Research 23 Michael Faerber 3.1 Rationale for 5G Research and the EU's Motivation 23 3.2 EU Research 25 References 33 4 5G: Transforming the User Wireless Experience 34 David Ott, Nageen Himayat, and Shilpa Talwar 4.1 Introduction 34 4.2 Intel's Vision of 5G Technologies 34 4.3 Intel Strategic Research Alliance on 5G 40 4.4 ISRA 5G Technical Objectives and Goals 40 4.5 ISRA 5G Project Summaries 42 References 50 Part II Candidate Technologies - Evolutionary 53 5 Towards Green and Soft 55 Chih-Lin I and Shuangfeng Han 5.1 Chapter Overview 55 5.2 Efforts on Green and Soft 5G Networks 56 5.3 Rethink Shannon: EE and SE Co-design for a Green Network 57 5.4 "No More Cell" for a Green and Soft Network 67 5.5 Summary 75 Acknowledgments 76 References 76 6 Proactive Caching in 5G Small Cell Networks 78 Ejder Bastug, Mehdi Bennis, and Mérouane Debbah 6.1 Small Cell Networks: Past, Present and Future Trends 78 6.2 Cache-enabled Proactive Small Cell Networks 80 6.3 System Model 81 6.4 Proactive Caching at Base Stations 82 6.5 Proactive Caching at User Terminals 85 6.6 Related Work and Research Directions 90 6.7 Conclusions 95 Acknowledgments 95 References 95 7 Modeling Multi-Radio Coordination and Integration in Converged Heterogeneous Networks 99 Olga Galinina, Sergey Andreev, Alexander Pyattaev, Mikhail Gerasimenko, Yevgeni Koucheryavy, Nageen Himayat, Kerstin Johnsson, and Shu-ping Yeh 7.1 Enabling Technologies for Multi-Radio Heterogeneous Networks 99 7.2 Comprehensive Methodology for Space-Time Network Analysis 105 7.3 Analysis of Random Dynamic HetNets 114 7.4 Quantifying Performance with System-level Evaluations 121 7.5 Summary and Conclusions 126 Acknowledgments 126 References 126 8 Distributed Resource Allocation in 5G Cellular Networks 129 Monowar Hasan and Ekram Hossain 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Multi-tier 5G Cellular: Overview and Challenges 132 8.3 System Model 135 8.4 Resource Allocation using Stable Matching 139 8.5 Message-passing Approach for Resource Allocation 143 8.6 Auction-based Resource Allocation 151 8.7 Qualitative Comparison of the Resource Allocation Schemes 157 8.8 Summary and Conclusion 157 References 159 Additional Reading 160 9 Device-to-Device Communications 162 Andreas F. Molisch, Mingyue Ji, Joongheon Kim, Daoud Burghal, and Arash Saber Tehrani 9.1 Introduction and Motivation 162 9.2 Propagation Channels 163 9.3 Neighbor Discovery and Channel Estimation 166 9.4 Mode Selection and Resource Allocation 170 9.5 Scheduling 175 9.6 Multi-hop D2D 180 9.7 Standardization 183 9.8 Applications 184 9.9 D2D for Video 186 9.10 Conclusions 191 Acknowledgments 191 References 191 10 Energy-efficient Wireless OFDMA Networks 199 Cong Xiong and Geoffrey Ye Li 10.1 Overview 199 10.2 Energy Efficiency and Energy-efficient Wireless Networks 200 10.3 Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency Tradeoff in OFDMA 201 10.4 Energy Efficiency, Power, and Delay Tradeoff in OFDMA 208 10.5 Energy-efficient Resource Allocation for Downlink OFDMA 212 10.6 Energy-efficient Resource Allocation for Uplink OFDMA 217 10.7 Concluding Remarks 219 References 220 11 Advanced Multiple-access and MIMO Techniques 222 NOMA sections Anass Benjebbour, Anxin Li, Kazuaki Takeda, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura SV-MIMO sections Yuki Inoue, Yoshihisa Kishiyama, and Takehiro Nakamura 11.1 Introduction 222 11.2 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 225 11.3 Smart Vertical MIMO 238 11.4 Conclusion 247 References 248 12 M2M Communications 250 Rapeepat Ratasuk, Amitava Ghosh, and Benny Vejlgaard 12.1 Chapter Overview 250 12.2 M2M Communications 250 12.3 LTE Evolution for M2M 253 12.4 5G for M2M Communications 270 12.5 Conclusion 273 References 274 13 Low-latency Radio-interface Perspectives for Small-cell 5G Networks 275 Toni Levanen, Juho Pirskanen, and Mikko Valkama 13.1 Introduction to Low-latency Radio-interface Design 275 13.2 Small-cell Channel Environment Considerations and Expected Traffic 277 13.3 New Radio-interface Design for Low-latency 5G Wireless Access 283 13.4 Extending the 5GETLA Reference Design to Millimeter-Wave Communications 296 13.5 Conclusions and Open Research Topics 299 Part III Candidate Technologies - Revolutionary 303 14 New Physical-layer Waveforms for 5G 305 Gerhard Wunder, Martin Kasparick, Peter Jung, Thorsten Wild, Frank Schaich, Yejian Chen, Gerhard Fettweis, Ivan Gaspar, Nicola Michailow, Maximilian Matthé, Luciano Mendes, Dimitri Kténas, Jean-Baptiste Doré, Vincent Berg, Nicolas Cassiau, Slawomir Pietrzyk, and Mateusz Buczkowski 14.1 Why OFDM Fails 305 14.2 Unified Frame Structure 308 14.3 Waveform Candidates and Multiple-access Approaches 310 14.4 One-shot Random Access 328 14.5 Conclusions 339 References 339 15 Massive MIMO Communications 342 Frederick W. Vook, Amitava Ghosh, and Timothy A. Thomas 15.1 Introduction 342 15.2 Overview of Multi-Antenna Techniques in LTE 343 15.3 Moving to 5G Cellular with Large-scale Antenna Arrays 345 15.4 Antenna-array Architectures for 5G Cellular 348 15.5 Massive MIMO for Evolved LTE Systems (Below 6 GHz) 349 15.6 Massive MIMO for cmWave and mmWave Systems (Above 6 GHz) 358 15.7 Conclusion 362 References 363 16 Full-duplex Radios 365 Dinesh Bharadia and Sachin Katti 16.1 The Problem 367 16.2 Our Design 372 16.3 Implementation 381 16.4 Evaluation 383 16.5 Discussion and Conclusion 393 References 393 17 Point to Multi-point, In-band mmWave Backhaul for 5G Networks 395 Rakesh Taori and Arun Sridharan 17.1 Introduction 395 17.2 Feasibility of In-band Backhaul 397 17.3 Deployment Assumptions 400 17.4 In-band Backhaul Design Considerations 402 17.5 TDM-based Scheduling Scheme for In-band Backhauling 403 17.6 Concluding Remarks 407 Acknowledgments 407 References 407 18 Application of NFV and SDN to 5G Infrastructure 408 Ashok Sunder Rajan and Kannan Babu Ramia 18.1 Chapter Overview 408 18.2 Background 408 18.3 NFV and SDN 409 18.4 Network Planning and Engineering 410 18.5 Cellular Wireless Network Infrastructure 414 18.6 Network Workloads and Capacity Factors 417 18.7 Conclusion 419 References 420 Index 421