Design and Development of Fiber Optic Gyroscopes

1 A Potpourri of Comments about the Fiber Optic Gyro for Its Fortieth Anniversary: How Fascinating It Was and Still Is!
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Context of the Sagnac-Laue Effect
1.3 Fascinating Serendipity of the Fiber Optic Gyro
1.3.1 The proper frequency
1.3.2 Perfection of the digital phase ramp
1.3.3 The optical Kerr effect
1.3.4 Technological serendipity: erbium ASE fiber source and proton-exchanged LiNbO3 integrated-optic circuit
1.4 Potpourri of Comments
1.4.1 OCDP using an OSA
1.4.2 Strain-induced ""T dot"" Shupe effect
1.4.3 Transverse magneto-optic effect
1.4.4 RIN compensation
1.4.5 Fundamental mode of an integrated-optic waveguide
1.4.6 Limit of the rejection of stray light in a proton-exchanged LiNbO3 circuit with absorbing grooves
1.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2 The Early History of the Closed-Loop Fiber Optic Gyro and Derivative Sensors at McDonnell Douglas, Blue Road Research, and Columbia Gorge Research
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Invention and Demonstration of the Closed-Loop Fiber Gyro
2.3 Looking for Error Sources, Finding New Sensors
2.4 A Flow of Ideas
2.5 Moving into Viable Products and Applications
2.6 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
3 20 Years of KVH Fiber Optic Gyro Technology: The Evolution from Large, Low-Performance FOGs to Compact, Precise FOGs and FOG-Based Inertial Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Superior Performance through End-to-End Manufacturing
3.2.1 At the heart of the FOG: creating the fiber
3.2.2 The core design of KVH open-loop FOGs
3.2.3 Design advantages
3.2.4 Key gyro performance factors
3.3 Evolution of the Technology
3.3.1 The creation of D-shaped, elliptical-core fiber
3.3.2 The first generation of KVH FOGs
3.3.3 The shift to digital signal processing
3.3.4 Changing the game: the invention of ThinFiber
3.3.5 Expanding capabilities with high-performance fully integrated systems
3.4 Setting the Course for the Future of FOG Technology and Expanded Applications
3.4.1 Navigation and control
3.4.2 Positioning and imaging
3.4.3 Stabilization and orientation
3.4.4 Looking ahead
4 Fiber Optic Gyro Development at Honeywell
4.1 Introduction
4.2 IFOG Status
4.2.1 Navigation-plus-grade IFOGs
4.2.2 Strategic-grade IFOGs
4.2.3 Reference-grade IFOGs
4.3 RFOG Development
4.3.1 New RFOG architecture
4.3.2 RFOG experimental results
4.3.3 RFOG component development and future implementation
4.4 Summary
References
5 Fiber Optic Gyros from Research to Production
5.1 Abstract
5.2 Research
5.3 Development
5.4 Productionization
5.5 Summary
References
6 Technological Advancements at Al Cielo Inertial Solutions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Standard Control Loop
6.2.1 Control model
6.2.2 Sub-specifications and verifications
6.2.3 Navigation accuracy sub-specification
6.2.4 Monte Carlo simulation
6.2.5 HITL simulation
6.3 Optimized Control Loop
6.3.1 Control block
6.3.2 Monte Carlo simulation
6.3.3 HITL results
6.4 Inertial Measurements
6.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
7 Current Status of Fiber Optic Gyro Efforts for Space Applications in Japan
7.1 Current Status of FOGs for Space Applications
7.2 Activities for Improving Coil Performance
7.2.1 Symmetrical winding
7.2.2 Thermal conductivity and strain attenuation
7.2.3 Zero-sensitivity winding design
7.2.4 Summary of activity results
7.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
8 Fiber Optic Gyro Development at Fibernetics
8.1 Introduction and Past Development
8.2 Current Development
8.3 Basic FOG Design
8.4 Dual-Ramp Phase Modulation
8.4.1 Low-frequency approach
8.4.2 High-frequency approach
8.5 Three-Axis Source-Sharing Design
8.6 Future Development
8.6.1 Multicore fiber
8.7 Summary
References
9 Recent Developments in Laser-Driven and Hollow-Core Fiber Optic Gyroscopes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Backscattering Errors in a Laser-Driven FOG
9.3 Polarization-Coupling Errors in a Laser-Driven FOG
9.4 Kerr-Induced Drift in a Laser-Driven FOG
9.5 Techniques for Broadening the Laser Linewidth
9.5.1 Linewidth broadening through optimization of the laser drive current
9.5.2 Linewidth broadening through external phase modulation
9.5.2.1 Principle and advantages
9.5.2.2 Linewidth broadening using sinusoidal modulation
9.5.2.3 Linewidth broadening using pseudo-random bit sequence modulation
9.5.2.4 Linewidth broadening using a Gaussian white noise modulation
9.5.3 Measured dependence of noise and drift on laser linewidth
9.6 Hollow-Core Fiber Optic Gyroscope
9.6.1 Kerr-induced drift
9.6.2 Shupe effect
9.6.3 Faraday-induced drift
9.6.4 Noise and drift performance of HCF FOGs
9.7 Conclusions
References
10 Optical Fibers for Fiber Optic Gyroscopes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Coil Fibers
10.2.1 Stress- and form-birefringent fiber types
10.2.1.1 Elliptical-core form-birefringent fiber
10.2.1.2 Bow-tie fibers
10.2.1.3 PANDA fiber
10.2.1.4 Elliptical-jacket fiber
10.2.1.5 Elliptical-core, form-birefringent fiber
10.2.2 Microstructures in hollow-core, photonic bandgap fibers
10.2.2.1 Bandgap fiber fabrication
10.2.3 Multicore fiber
10.2.3.1 Fabrication
10.3 Coil Fiber Design Considerations
10.3.1 Diameter
10.3.2 Wavelength
10.3.3 Attenuation
10.3.4 Polarized versus depolarized design
10.3.5 Birefringence
10.3.6 Numerical aperture
10.3.7 Coating package design
10.3.8 Radiation tolerance
10.4 Component Fibers
10.4.1 ASE sources
10.4.2 PM splitters and couplers
10.4.3 Polarizing fibers
10.5 Epilogue
References
11 Techniques to Ensure High-Quality Fiber Optic Gyro Coil Production
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Static Performance Parameters and Testing Methods
11.2.1 Polarization-maintaining fiber coils
11.2.1.1 Insertion loss and polarization extinction ratio
11.2.1.2 Distributed polarization crosstalk analyzer
11.2.2 Basics of polarization crosstalk in PM fibers
11.2.2.1 Classification of polarization crosstalk by causes
11.2.2.2 Classification of polarization crosstalk by measurement results
11.2.3 Characterization of potting adhesive with a DPXA
11.2.4 Characterization of coil quality by polarization crosstalk analysis
11.2.5 Polarization-maintaining fiber characterization and screening
11.2.5.1 Measurement fixture
11.2.5.2 Group birefringence and group-birefringence-uniformity measurements
11.2.5.3 Group birefringence dispersion measurement
11.2.5.4 Group birefringence thermal coefficient measurement
11.2.5.5 PER measurement
11.2.5.6 PM fiber-quality evaluation
11.2.6 Single-mode fiber coil inspection
11.2.6.1 Lumped PMD and PDL measurements
11.2.6.2 Distributed transversal stress measurement
11.2.6.3 Degree-of-polarization tests
11.3 Coil Transient Parameter Characterization
11.4 Tomographic (3D) Inspection of Fiber Gyro Coils
Acknowledgement
References
12 A Personal History of the Fiber Optic Gyro
References
Appendix: Additional Fiber Rotation Sensor Books, Papers, and Patents
A.1 Fiber Optic Rotation Sensor Contents in Books and Paper Collections
References
A.2 Accessing the Fiber Optic Rotation Sensor Patent Literature
References