Cellular Communications
A Comprehensive and Practical Guide
Published on 3. October 2014
Book
Hardback
1032 pages
978-0-470-47207-1 (ISBN)
Description
Even as newer cellular technologies and standards emerge, many of the fundamental principles and the components of the cellular network remain the same. Presenting a simple yet comprehensive view of cellular communications technologies, Cellular Communications provides an end-to-end perspective of cellular operations, ranging from physical layer details to call set-up and from the radio network to the core network. This self-contained source for
practitioners and students represents a comprehensive survey of the fundamentals of cellular communications and the landscape of commercially deployed 2G and 3G technologies and provides a glimpse of emerging 4G technologies.
More details
Series
Edition
1. Auflage
Language
English
Place of publication
United States
Publishing group
John Wiley & Sons Inc
Target group
College/higher education
Illustrations
Charts: 195 B&W, 0 Color; Graphs: 190 B&W, 0 Color
Dimensions
Height: 25 cm
Width: 15 cm
Thickness: 5.6 cm
Weight
1530 gr
ISBN-13
978-0-470-47207-1 (9780470472071)
Schweitzer Classification
Other editions
Additional editions
E-Book
09/2014
Wiley-IEEE Press
€129.99
Available for download
E-Book
09/2014
Wiley-IEEE Press
€129.99
Available for download
Persons
Nishith D. Tripathi is a senior consultant at Award Solutions, Inc., a provider of technical consulting and specialized technical training for wireless communications. Dr. Tripathi has held several strategic positions in the wireless arena, for Nortel Networks and Huawei Technologies. In 2001, he co-authored a book on Radio Resource Management, and he is the author of nine patent submissions and numerous research papers. His job functions at Award Solutions put him at the forefront of emerging technologies, enabling him to author/develop new technical training material for various technologies.
Jeffrey H. Reed is the Willis G. Worcester Professor in the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech. From June 2000 to June 2002, Dr. Reed served as Director of the Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG). He currently serves as Director of the newly formed umbrella wireless organization Wireless @ Virginia Tech, one of the largest and most comprehensive university wireless research groups in the U.S. Dr. Reed received the College of Engineering Award for Excellence in Research in 2001. Dr. Reed has served on several company advisory boards, including Samsung Electronics. He is cofounder of CRT Wireless, a company that is developing cognitive radio techniques for commercial and military wireless systems. He is a Fellow of the IEEE for contributions to software radio and communications signal processing and for leadership in engineering education.
Jeffrey H. Reed is the Willis G. Worcester Professor in the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech. From June 2000 to June 2002, Dr. Reed served as Director of the Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG). He currently serves as Director of the newly formed umbrella wireless organization Wireless @ Virginia Tech, one of the largest and most comprehensive university wireless research groups in the U.S. Dr. Reed received the College of Engineering Award for Excellence in Research in 2001. Dr. Reed has served on several company advisory boards, including Samsung Electronics. He is cofounder of CRT Wireless, a company that is developing cognitive radio techniques for commercial and military wireless systems. He is a Fellow of the IEEE for contributions to software radio and communications signal processing and for leadership in engineering education.
Content
Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxix
PART I FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS
1 Introduction to Cellular Communications 3
1.1 Motivation for Cellular Communications 4
1.2 The History of Wireless Communications and the Birth of a Cellular System 4
1.2.1 Once Upon a Time... A Really Brief History of Communications 5
1.2.2 Frequency Spectrum Allocation 5
1.2.3 Pre-Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems 8
1.2.4 The Advent of Cellular Systems 9
1.3 Concepts of a Cellular System 11
1.3.1 Network Architecture 11
1.3.2 Air Interface 12
1.3.3 Frequency Reuse 13
1.3.4 Sectorization and Its Impact on Quality and Capacity 20
1.4 Concepts of Duplexing and Multiple Access 22
1.4.1 Duplexing Methods 22
1.4.2 Multiple Access Methods 24
1.5 Types of Interference 26
1.5.1 Adjacent Channel Interference 26
1.5.2 Co-Channel Interference 27
1.6 Evolution of Cellular Standards 28
1.6.1 Evolutionary Path of Cellular Standards 28
1.6.2 Spectrum Allocation in the United States 32
1.6.3 Spectrum Allocation Outside the U.S. 34
1.7 Ecosystem of Cellular Systems 34
1.7.1 Service Providers 35
1.7.2 Mobile Device Manufacturers 36
1.7.3 Radio Network Infrastructure Vendors 37
1.7.4 Baseband Chipset Manufacturers 37
1.7.5 Original Equipment Manufacturers 39
1.7.6 Core Network Vendors 39
1.7.7 Design, Optimization, and Testing Tool Manufacturers 40
1.7.8 Appplication Providers 40
1.8 Phases of a Cellular System 42
1.8.1 Phase 1: Specifications of the Standard 42
1.8.2 Phase 2: Prototype Design and Lab Tests 43
1.8.3 Phase 3: Field Trials 43
1.8.4 Phase 4: Commercial Deployments 44
1.8.5 Phase 5: Optimization 44
1.9 Performance of Cellular Systems 45
1.9.1 Sector Capacity and Call Blocking Probability 45
1.9.2 Accessibility, Access Failure Rate, and Paging Failure Rate 47
1.9.3 Retainability and Call-Drop Rate 47
1.9.4 Error Rate and Quality of Service 47
1.9.5 Cell-Edge Reliability and Cell-Area Reliability 48
1.9.6 Peak User Data Rate 49
1.9.7 Average Cell or Sector Throughput and User-Perceived Throughput 49
1.9.8 Latency or Delay 50
1.9.9 Delay Jitter 50
1.10 End-User Services 50
1.11 Points to Remember 52
2 Elements of a Digital Communication System 55
2.1 Overview of a Digital Cellular Communication System 56
2.2 Transceiver Operations in a Digital Cellular System 57
2.3 Information Bits: Construction at the Transmitter and Retrieval at the Receiver 59
2.3.1 Linear Predictive Speech Coding: A Simplistic View 61
2.3.2 Enhanced Variable-Rate Codec 62
2.3.3 Adaptive Multirate Codec 66
2.4 Forward Error Correction Coding and Decoding 70
2.4.1 Convolutional Coding at the Transmitter 72
2.4.2 Example Convolutional Decoding at the Receiver 74
2.4.3 Turbo Coding at the Transmitter 83
2.4.4 Turbo Decoding at the Receiver 85
2.4.5 What Should I Choose: Convolutional or Turbo? 86
2.5 Interleaving and De-Interleaving 87
2.6 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 89
2.6.1 Modulation Schemes 90
2.6.2 Demodulation Approaches 96
2.6.3 Choosing a Modulation Scheme 99
2.7 RF Processor Functions at the Transmitter and the Receiver 100
2.8 Points to Remember 109
3 Radio Frequency Propagation 111
3.1 Radio Frequency Waves 111
3.2 Free-Space Propagation 113
3.3 Cellular Propagation Mechanisms 116
3.3.1 Reflection 116
3.3.2 Diffraction 117
3.3.3 Scattering 119
3.3.4 Absorption and Penetration 120
3.4 Prediction of Received Signal Strength 121
3.4.1 Distance-Based Path Loss 124
3.4.2 Large-Scale Fading 128
3.4.3 Small-Scale Fading 131
3.5 Points to Remember 153
4 IP and Associated Technologies for a Cellular System 155
4.1 Why Internet Protocol? (Or, Perhaps, Why Not Internet Protocol?) 156
4.2 Protocol Stack for the Internet 159
4.2.1 Overview of the Transport Layer (Layer 4) Protocols 160
4.2.2 Overview of the Internetwork Layer (Layer 3) Protocols 173
4.2.3 Overview of the Link Layer (Layer 2) Protocols 184
4.3 Routing and Forwarding of IP Packets 193
4.4 Transport of Information within the Network Infrastructure 200
4.5 Voice-Over-IP-Related Protocols 204
4.5.1 Session Initiation Protocol 206
4.5.2 Session Description Protocol 209
4.5.3 Real-Time Transport Protocol and Real-Time Transport Control Protocol 211
4.6 A Potpourri of IP-Centric Protocols 213
4.6.1 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 213
4.6.2 Mobile IP 214
4.6.3 Domain Name System 220
4.6.4 RADIUS and Diameter 222
4.6.5 IP Quality-of-Service Implementation: Integrated Services and Differentiated Services 224
4.6.6 IP Tunneling, GTP, and GRE 228
4.6.7 IPsec 231
4.6.8 Robust Header Compression 231
4.7 Essence of IPv6 232
4.8 Points to Remember 235
PART II 2G, 2.5G, AND 3G CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES
5 Overview of GSM 239
5.1 Introduction 240
5.1.1 The Origin of GSM and GSM Milestones in Two Minutes 240
5.1.2 Highlights of a GSM System 241
5.2 GSM System Architecture 242
5.2.1 Base Station System 244
5.2.2 Core Network 247
5.3 Air-Interface Protocol Stack between MS and BSS 249
5.3.1 High-Level View of MS-BSS Communications 249
5.3.2 Air-Interface Protocol Stack: A Brief Overview 251
5.4 Radio Interface: Frame Structure and Channels 259
5.4.1 Frequency and Time Structures 259
5.4.2 Air-Interface Channels 263
5.4.3 Bursts: An Inside Look 267
5.5 Network Acquisition 269
5.5.1 Beyond Radio Network Acquisition: MS-Core-Network Communications 272
5.6 Voice Call Setup 279
5.6.1 MS-Originated Call Setup 279
5.6.2 MS-Terminated Call Setup and Paging Procedure 281
5.7 Mobility Management in Idle Mode 282
5.8 Mobility Management in Active or Connected Mode 283
5.8.1 What are the Channel Conditions? 284
5.8.2 Making a Handover Decision: Who is in Charge Around Here? 287
5.8.3 Follow the Leader: Handover Completion 293
5.9 Power Control 294
5.9.1 A Detailed Look at Power Control 295
5.9.2 Further Reduction in the Transmit Power Consumption: DTX 297
5.10 Deployment Considerations 298
5.11 Evolution of GSM 302
5.12 Points to Remember 302
6 GPRS and EDGE 305
6.1 Introduction 306
6.1.1 The Motivation for GPRS 306
6.1.2 The Motivation for EDGE 308
6.1.3 GPRS in Two Minutes 308
6.1.4 EDGE in Two Minutes 309
6.2 System Architecture 310
6.2.1 Packet-Domain Core Network Architecture: An Overview 310
6.2.2 A Detailed View of the Components of the Packet-Domain Core Network 312
6.2.3 Interfaces of the Packet-Domain Core Network 321
6.2.4 End-to-End View of the Data Transfer 323
6.3 MS-BSS Air-Interface Communications 324
6.3.1 Physical Layer of GPRS and EDGE 325
6.3.2 RLC/MAC Layer and Its Functions 334
6.4 Radio Interface: Frame Structure and Channels 342
6.4.1 Review of Timing Structures 342
6.4.2 New Logical Channels in GPRS and EDGE 344
6.4.3 Association of Logical and Physical Channels 346
6.5 Network Acquisition 348
6.5.1 Cell Search and Synchronization: A Brief Review 348
6.5.2 The MS's GPRS Attach Procedure: Making the First Contact with the Core Network 349
6.5.3 Getting Ready for Packet Data Transfer: PDP Context Activation 351
6.6 Packet Transfer in GPRS and EDGE 353
6.6.1 MS-Originated Packet Transfer 353
6.6.2 MS-Terminated Packet Transfer 355
6.6.3 Management of Circuit-Switched and GPRS Paging 356
6.7 Mobility Management 358
6.7.1 Routing Area Update: STANDBY State Mobility Management 358
6.7.2 Mobility Management in READY State 359
6.8 Deployment Considerations and Network Evolution 361
6.9 Points to Remember 362
7 Fundamentals of CDMA, WCDMA, and IS-95 363
7.1 A Brief Introduction to CDMA, WCDMA, and IS-95 364
7.2 CDMA or WCDMA: An Efficient Resource-Sharing Technique 366
7.3 Characteristics of CDMA 369
7.3.1 Wideband Transmission 369
7.3.2 Frequency Reuse and Impact of Sectorization 370
7.3.3 Interference and its Control in CDMA 371
7.3.4 Handoff 375
7.3.5 Power Control 381
7.3.6 Capacity of a CDMA System 388
7.4 IS-95 System Architecture 390
7.5 IS-95 MS-Radio-Network Communications: An Overview 391
7.5.1 Duplexing: Simultaneous Downlink and Uplink Transmissions 392
7.5.2 IS-95 Protocol Stack Overview 392
7.5.3 Downlink and Uplink Radio Channels of IS-95 394
7.5.4 Physical Layer (Layer 1) Processing 399
7.5.5 Multiplex Sublayer (Between Layer 1 and Layer 2): An Overview 403
7.5.6 Layer 2 Versus Layer 3 404
7.6 IS-95 Call Setup 405
7.7 IS-95 Mobility Management 407
7.7.1 Power-On Network Acquisition-One-Way Traffic! 407
7.7.2 MS to Network: "Here I Am"-Registration and Other Idle Mode Activities 408
7.7.3 Handoff in Connected or Traffic Mode-Now We Are Getting Really Busy! 411
7.8 IS-95 Power Control 414
7.8.1 Uplink Power Control 415
7.8.2 Downlink Power Control 416
7.9 IS-95: Deployment, Evolution, and Enhancements 418
7.10 Points to Remember 420
8 CDMA20001X 423
8.1 A Brief Overview of CDMA2000 424
8.2 CDMA2000 lx Network Architecture 426
8.2.1 Overview of the Network Architecture 426
8.2.2 A Detailed View of the Packet-Switched Core Network 429
8.3 MS-Radio-Access-Network Communications 431
8.3.1 Overview of Air-Interface Protocol Stack 431
8.3.2 Radio Channels and Radio Configurations of lx 433
8.3.3 Overview of Physical Layer (Layer 1) Processing 441
8.3.4 Overview of Link Layer (Layer 2) Processing 445
8.3.5 A Brief Overview of Upper-Layer Processing 454
8.4 lx Call Setup 454
8.4.1 Voice Call Setup in lx: An Overview 455
8.4.2 Voice Call Setup in lx: A Closer Look 456
8.4.3 How About Data Call Setup in lx? 459
8.4.4 What About MS-Terminated Call Setup? 460
8.5 Over-the-Air Transmission of Traffic for Forward and Reverse Links 462
8.5.1 Forward Link Packet Data Transmission 462
8.5.2 Reverse Link Packet Data Transmission 467
8.6 Mobility Management 468
8.6.1 Registration and Authentication 469
8.6.2 Using the Access Channel 472
8.6.3 Handoff in Connected Mode: lx Enhancements 477
8.7 lx Power Control 481
8.7.1 Reverse Link Power Control for the Reverse Fundamental Channel 481
8.7.2 Forward Link Power Control for the Forward Fundamental Channel 482
8.8 lx Deployment and Evolution 484
8.9 Points to Remember 485
9 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Release 99 487
9.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Release 99: Executive Summary 488
9.2 UMTS Network Architecture 489
9.2.1 Radio Network Subsystem 491
9.2.2 Protocol Stacks: From User Equipment to the Edge of the Network 493
9.3 Radio Interface Protocol Stack between UE and UTRAN 495
9.3.1 Radio Interface Protocol Stack: A Brief Overview 495
9.3.2 Physical Layer 499
9.3.3 Medium Access Control Sublayer 503
9.3.4 Radio Link Control Sublayer 504
9.3.5 Packet Data Convergence Protocol Sublayer 510
9.3.6 Broadcast-Multicast Control Sublayer 511
9.3.7 Radio Resource Control Layer 512
9.4 Radio Interface Between the UE and the UTRAN 515
9.4.1 Overview of Frame Structure and Radio Channels 515
9.4.2 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes 519
9.4.3 Primary Synchronization Channel 523
9.4.4 Secondary Synchronization Channel 523
9.4.5 Primary Common Pilot Channel 524
9.4.6 Primary Common Control Physical Channel 525
9.4.7 Page Indicator Channel 526
9.4.8 Secondary-Common Control Physical Channel 527
9.4.9 Physical Random Access Channel 528
9.4.10 Acquisition Indicator Channel 533
9.4.11 Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel and Dedicated Physical Control Channel 534
9.4.12 Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel and Dedicated Physical Control Channel 535
9.4.13 Combining of the Downlink Channels in a Cell 536
9.4.14 Transmission of Uplink Channels by User Equipment 539
9.5 Cell Search and Synchronization 539
9.5.1 Overview of Power-Up Synchronization and Cell Search 539
9.5.2 Power-Up Synchronization and Cell Search: A Closer Look 540
9.5.3 Beyond Synchronization: User Equipment and Core Network Communications 542
9.6 Voice Call Setup 544
9.6.1 Overview of Voice Call Setup and Teardown 544
9.6.2 Detailed Voice Call Setup 545
9.7 Data Call Setup 553
9.7.1 Overview of the Data Session Setup 553
9.7.2 Detailed Data Session Setup 554
9.8 Mobility Management 557
9.8.1 Idle Mode Mobility: An Overview 558
9.8.2 Connected Mode Mobility: An Overview of Basic Concepts 559
9.8.3 Stages of Intra-Frequency Handover: A Closer Look 562
9.8.4 Intra-UMTS Inter-Frequency and Inter-RAT Handover 568
9.8.5 Compressed Mode 569
9.9 Power Control 573
9.9.1 Uplink Closed-Loop Power Control 574
9.9.2 Downlink Closed-Loop Power Control 579
9.10 Quality-of-Service in the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 580
9.11 Evolution of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 581
9.12 Points to Remember 583
10 1xEvolution-Data-Optimized Revision 0 585
10.1 lxEV-DO: Executive Summary 586
10.2 Overview of Call Setup and Data Transmission 587
10.3 Network Architecture 590
10.4 lxEV-DO Protocol Stack: An Overview 591
10.5 Introduction to Radio Channels and Timing Structure 593
10.6 A Closer Look at Forward Link Radio Channels 596
10.6.1 Pilot Channel 597
10.6.2 Medium Access Control Channel 597
10.6.3 Control Channel 600
10.6.4 Forward Traffic Channel 604
10.6.5 Combining the Forward Link Channels 610
10.7 A Closer Look at Reverse Link Channels 612
10.7.1 Access Channel 612
10.7.2 Pilot Channel and Data Channel 615
10.7.3 Data Rate Control Channel 617
10.7.4 Acknowledgment Channel 619
10.7.5 Combining of the Reverse Link Channels 621
10.8 Call Setup: A Closer Look 623
10.8.1 Session Setup 624
10.8.2 Point-to-Point Protocol Setup 628
10.8.3 Mobile Internet Protocol Setup 628
10.9 Forward Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 630
10.10 Reverse Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 633
10.10.1 Stage 1: Configuration of the Access Terminal with Reverse Link Parameters 633
10.10.2 Stage 2: Fast Indications of Reverse Link Interference 635
10.10.3 Stage 3: Execution of the Reverse Link Data Determination Algorithm 635
10.10.4 Stage 4: The Access Terminal's Data Transmission 638
10.11 Mobility Management in 1 xEV-DO 640
10.12 A Glimpse of 1 xEV-DO Optimization 642
10.12.1 RF Optimization 643
10.12.2 Parameter and Configuration Optimization 644
10.13 1 xRTT and 1 xEV-DO Interworking 645
10.14 lxEV-DO Link Budget 646
10.15 Points to Remember 649
11 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 651
11.1 Overview of Third Generation Partnership Project Release 5 652
11.2 A Bird's-Eye View of High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Data Transmission 653
11.3 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Channels and Their Use: A Deep Dive 655
11.3.1 High-Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel 655
11.3.2 High-Speed-Shared Control Channel 659
11.3.3 High-Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel 667
11.4 Data Transmission Process 671
11.4.1 Step 1: Reporting of Channel Conditions 671
11.4.2 Step 2: Scheduling of Users and User Packets 672
11.4.3 Step 3: Packet Transmission from the Node B and Packet Reception at UEs 677
11.4.4 Step 4: UE Response to a Received Packet 680
11.5 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Call Setup 681
11.6 Resource Management of the High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Channels 683
11.7 Mobility Management in High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 685
11.8 Network and UE Architecture 689
11.8.1 Radio Interface Protocol Stack Changes from Release 99 to Release 5 689
11.8.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access UE Categories 691
11.8.3 Interaction Between the Node B and the RNC for High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 691
11.8.4 Construction of a Packet at the Node B 695
11.9 Points to Remember 697
12 1x Evolution-Data-Optimized Revision A 699
12.1 Introduction 700
12.2 Overview of Rev. A Enhancements 702
12.3 Characteristics of Physical Layer Subtypes 705
12.3.1 Overview of Physical Layer Subtypes 705
12.3.2 Reverse Link Frame Structure of Subtype 2 Physical Layer 706
12.4 Rev. A Forward Link Channels 707
12.4.1 Overview of FL Channels 707
12.4.2 ARQ Channel: A New Forward Link Channel in Rev. A 715
12.5 Overview of Rev. A Reverse Link Channels 718
12.5.1 Access Channel and RRI Channel Enhancements in Rev. A 721
12.5.2 Auxiliary Pilot Channel and DSC Channel: New Rev. A Channels 723
12.6 Rev. A Enhancement for Call Setup and Session Setup 724
12.6.1 Session Configuration and Multiple Personalities 725
12.6.2 Generic Attribute Update Protocol 728
12.6.3 Multimode Capability Discovery Protocol 728
12.7 Rev. A Forward Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 728
12.7.1 Overview of Enhancements in Forward Link Transmission 728
12.7.2 DRC Enhancements 731
12.7.3 Multi-User Packets 734
12.7.4 MACIndex Enhancements 737
12.7.5 The AT's Detection of the FL Packet 739
12.7.6 Forward Link H-ARQ 739
12.8 Overview of Rev. A Reverse Link Data Rate Control 740
12.9 Reverse Link Interference Control via T2P 742
12.9.1 Motivation for T2P-Based Rate Control 743
12.9.2 What Is T2P, Anyway? 744
12.10 Subtype 2 RTC MAC Protocol Data Rate Control 745
12.10.1 Terminology for Subtype 2 and 3 RTC MAC Protocol 745
12.10.2 Overview of RL Data Transmission 750
12.10.3 A Comprehensive View of RL Data Transmission 751
12.11 Subtype 3 RTC MAC Protocol Data Rate Control 756
12.11.1 Overview of RL Data Transmission 756
12.11.2 Detailed View of RL Data Transmission 758
12.12 Rev. A QoS Control 761
12.12.1 Air-Interface QoS 762
12.12.2 Network QoS Control on R-P Interface 763
12.13 Handoff within 1 xEV-DO 764
12.14 Idle State Enhancements and Signaling Enhancements 766
12.15 1 xEV-DO Rev. A Interworking: Rev. 0, Rev. A, and CDMA2000 lx 767
12.16 Points to Remember 767
13 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 769
13.1 Introduction to HSUPA: An Executive Summary 770
13.2 Basics of Data Transmission: A Brief Overview 771
13.2.1 Simplified HSUPA Call Setup 772
13.2.2 Some Terminology 773
13.2.3 Major Stages of Uplink Data Transmission: An Overview 774
13.3 HSUPA Channels 777
13.3.1 The E-DCH and E-DPDCHs (Uplink) 777
13.3.2 The E-DPCCH (Uplink) 784
13.3.3 The E-AGCH (Downlink) 785
13.3.4 The E-RGCH (Downlink) 787
13.3.5 The E-HICH (Downlink) 788
13.3.6 A Really Close Look at Timing Relationships Among HSUPA Channels 789
13.4 Prior to Data Transmission 790
13.5 Steps of Uplink Data Transmission 793
13.5.1 Scheduling Requests from the UE to the Node Bs 794
13.5.2 The Node B's Determination of Grants 794
13.5.3 Determination of the Serving Grant 798
13.5.4 E-DCH Transmission 800
13.5.5 Node B's Packet Decoding and HARQ Transmission 811
13.6 Physical Layer Retransmissions and HARQ 811
13.7 Support for User Mobility 814
13.8 System Architecture 815
13.8.1 Enhancements to the Existing Architecture 815
13.8.2 Interaction Between the Node B and the RNC for the Management of HSUPA Channels and Resources 817
13.8.3 HSUPA UE Categories 818
13.9 Points to Remember 818
PART III IP MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEM AND 4G CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES
14 IP Multimedia Subsystem 823
14.1 Introduction to IMS: What and Why? 823
14.2 IMS, IP Convergence, and Fixed Mobile Convergence 827
14.3 History of IMS 828
14.4 IMS Architecture 831
14.4.1 High-Level View of the IMS Architecture 831
14.4.2 IMS Architecture: A Closer Look 835
14.5 IMS Communication Protocols for Signaling and Media Transport 841
14.5.1 Using SIP in IMS 842
14.5.2 H.248 in IMS 845
14.6 Identifying the IMS Subscriber and the IMS Elements 848
14.7 IMS Session Setup Scenarios 852
14.7.1 IMS Device to PSTN Call Setup: A Closer Look 852
14.7.2 PSTN-Originated and IMS Device-Terminated VoIP Call Setup: An Overview 856
14.7.3 Multimedia Session Setup for IMS Endpoints: A Brief Overview 858
14.8 IMS Services and Applications 860
14.9 Implementation of Quality-of-Service using IMS 862
14.10 Points to Remember 864
15 Fourth-Generation Technologies 867
15.1 Why 4G Technologies? 867
15.2 Essential Elements of 4G Technologies 869
15.3 Fundamentals of OFDM and OFDM A 871
15.3.1 OFDM and OFDM A: Why and Why Now? 871
15.3.2 OFDM: A High-Level View 872
15.3.3 Construction of Orthogonal Subcarriers 874
15.3.4 OFDM Challenges and Solutions 878
15.3.5 Simplified OFDMA Transceiver 884
15.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 888
15.4.1 Diversity Techniques: Some Simple and Some Sophisticated! 888
15.4.2 Spatial Multiplexing 892
15.4.3 Beamforming 893
15.4.4 Space-Division Multiple Access 895
15.5 WiMAX Overview 897
15.5.1 Salient Features of WiMAX 897
15.5.2 WiMAX Network Architecture 900
15.5.3 WiMAX Air Interface 902
15.5.4 WiMAX Operations 903
15.6 Overview of LTE 908
15.6.1 Salient Features of LTE 909
15.6.2 LTE Network Architecture 911
15.6.3 LTE Air Interface 914
15.6.4 LTE Operations 915
15.6.5 A Brief Overview of LTE-Advanced 919
15.7 4G Technology Challenges 921
15.8 Points to Remember 922
Appendix A: A Brief Overview of Signaling System 7 923
Appendix B: Erlang-B Table 929
Appendix C: A High-Level Comparison of Third-Generation Technologies 931
Appendix D: HSPA+ Overview 943
D. 1 Summary of HSPA+ Features 943
D.2 Data Transmission in HSPA+: A Closer Look 947
D.3 HSPA+: Beyond Release 7 952
References 955
Glossary 977
Index 991
PART I FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS
1 Introduction to Cellular Communications 3
1.1 Motivation for Cellular Communications 4
1.2 The History of Wireless Communications and the Birth of a Cellular System 4
1.2.1 Once Upon a Time... A Really Brief History of Communications 5
1.2.2 Frequency Spectrum Allocation 5
1.2.3 Pre-Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems 8
1.2.4 The Advent of Cellular Systems 9
1.3 Concepts of a Cellular System 11
1.3.1 Network Architecture 11
1.3.2 Air Interface 12
1.3.3 Frequency Reuse 13
1.3.4 Sectorization and Its Impact on Quality and Capacity 20
1.4 Concepts of Duplexing and Multiple Access 22
1.4.1 Duplexing Methods 22
1.4.2 Multiple Access Methods 24
1.5 Types of Interference 26
1.5.1 Adjacent Channel Interference 26
1.5.2 Co-Channel Interference 27
1.6 Evolution of Cellular Standards 28
1.6.1 Evolutionary Path of Cellular Standards 28
1.6.2 Spectrum Allocation in the United States 32
1.6.3 Spectrum Allocation Outside the U.S. 34
1.7 Ecosystem of Cellular Systems 34
1.7.1 Service Providers 35
1.7.2 Mobile Device Manufacturers 36
1.7.3 Radio Network Infrastructure Vendors 37
1.7.4 Baseband Chipset Manufacturers 37
1.7.5 Original Equipment Manufacturers 39
1.7.6 Core Network Vendors 39
1.7.7 Design, Optimization, and Testing Tool Manufacturers 40
1.7.8 Appplication Providers 40
1.8 Phases of a Cellular System 42
1.8.1 Phase 1: Specifications of the Standard 42
1.8.2 Phase 2: Prototype Design and Lab Tests 43
1.8.3 Phase 3: Field Trials 43
1.8.4 Phase 4: Commercial Deployments 44
1.8.5 Phase 5: Optimization 44
1.9 Performance of Cellular Systems 45
1.9.1 Sector Capacity and Call Blocking Probability 45
1.9.2 Accessibility, Access Failure Rate, and Paging Failure Rate 47
1.9.3 Retainability and Call-Drop Rate 47
1.9.4 Error Rate and Quality of Service 47
1.9.5 Cell-Edge Reliability and Cell-Area Reliability 48
1.9.6 Peak User Data Rate 49
1.9.7 Average Cell or Sector Throughput and User-Perceived Throughput 49
1.9.8 Latency or Delay 50
1.9.9 Delay Jitter 50
1.10 End-User Services 50
1.11 Points to Remember 52
2 Elements of a Digital Communication System 55
2.1 Overview of a Digital Cellular Communication System 56
2.2 Transceiver Operations in a Digital Cellular System 57
2.3 Information Bits: Construction at the Transmitter and Retrieval at the Receiver 59
2.3.1 Linear Predictive Speech Coding: A Simplistic View 61
2.3.2 Enhanced Variable-Rate Codec 62
2.3.3 Adaptive Multirate Codec 66
2.4 Forward Error Correction Coding and Decoding 70
2.4.1 Convolutional Coding at the Transmitter 72
2.4.2 Example Convolutional Decoding at the Receiver 74
2.4.3 Turbo Coding at the Transmitter 83
2.4.4 Turbo Decoding at the Receiver 85
2.4.5 What Should I Choose: Convolutional or Turbo? 86
2.5 Interleaving and De-Interleaving 87
2.6 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 89
2.6.1 Modulation Schemes 90
2.6.2 Demodulation Approaches 96
2.6.3 Choosing a Modulation Scheme 99
2.7 RF Processor Functions at the Transmitter and the Receiver 100
2.8 Points to Remember 109
3 Radio Frequency Propagation 111
3.1 Radio Frequency Waves 111
3.2 Free-Space Propagation 113
3.3 Cellular Propagation Mechanisms 116
3.3.1 Reflection 116
3.3.2 Diffraction 117
3.3.3 Scattering 119
3.3.4 Absorption and Penetration 120
3.4 Prediction of Received Signal Strength 121
3.4.1 Distance-Based Path Loss 124
3.4.2 Large-Scale Fading 128
3.4.3 Small-Scale Fading 131
3.5 Points to Remember 153
4 IP and Associated Technologies for a Cellular System 155
4.1 Why Internet Protocol? (Or, Perhaps, Why Not Internet Protocol?) 156
4.2 Protocol Stack for the Internet 159
4.2.1 Overview of the Transport Layer (Layer 4) Protocols 160
4.2.2 Overview of the Internetwork Layer (Layer 3) Protocols 173
4.2.3 Overview of the Link Layer (Layer 2) Protocols 184
4.3 Routing and Forwarding of IP Packets 193
4.4 Transport of Information within the Network Infrastructure 200
4.5 Voice-Over-IP-Related Protocols 204
4.5.1 Session Initiation Protocol 206
4.5.2 Session Description Protocol 209
4.5.3 Real-Time Transport Protocol and Real-Time Transport Control Protocol 211
4.6 A Potpourri of IP-Centric Protocols 213
4.6.1 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 213
4.6.2 Mobile IP 214
4.6.3 Domain Name System 220
4.6.4 RADIUS and Diameter 222
4.6.5 IP Quality-of-Service Implementation: Integrated Services and Differentiated Services 224
4.6.6 IP Tunneling, GTP, and GRE 228
4.6.7 IPsec 231
4.6.8 Robust Header Compression 231
4.7 Essence of IPv6 232
4.8 Points to Remember 235
PART II 2G, 2.5G, AND 3G CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES
5 Overview of GSM 239
5.1 Introduction 240
5.1.1 The Origin of GSM and GSM Milestones in Two Minutes 240
5.1.2 Highlights of a GSM System 241
5.2 GSM System Architecture 242
5.2.1 Base Station System 244
5.2.2 Core Network 247
5.3 Air-Interface Protocol Stack between MS and BSS 249
5.3.1 High-Level View of MS-BSS Communications 249
5.3.2 Air-Interface Protocol Stack: A Brief Overview 251
5.4 Radio Interface: Frame Structure and Channels 259
5.4.1 Frequency and Time Structures 259
5.4.2 Air-Interface Channels 263
5.4.3 Bursts: An Inside Look 267
5.5 Network Acquisition 269
5.5.1 Beyond Radio Network Acquisition: MS-Core-Network Communications 272
5.6 Voice Call Setup 279
5.6.1 MS-Originated Call Setup 279
5.6.2 MS-Terminated Call Setup and Paging Procedure 281
5.7 Mobility Management in Idle Mode 282
5.8 Mobility Management in Active or Connected Mode 283
5.8.1 What are the Channel Conditions? 284
5.8.2 Making a Handover Decision: Who is in Charge Around Here? 287
5.8.3 Follow the Leader: Handover Completion 293
5.9 Power Control 294
5.9.1 A Detailed Look at Power Control 295
5.9.2 Further Reduction in the Transmit Power Consumption: DTX 297
5.10 Deployment Considerations 298
5.11 Evolution of GSM 302
5.12 Points to Remember 302
6 GPRS and EDGE 305
6.1 Introduction 306
6.1.1 The Motivation for GPRS 306
6.1.2 The Motivation for EDGE 308
6.1.3 GPRS in Two Minutes 308
6.1.4 EDGE in Two Minutes 309
6.2 System Architecture 310
6.2.1 Packet-Domain Core Network Architecture: An Overview 310
6.2.2 A Detailed View of the Components of the Packet-Domain Core Network 312
6.2.3 Interfaces of the Packet-Domain Core Network 321
6.2.4 End-to-End View of the Data Transfer 323
6.3 MS-BSS Air-Interface Communications 324
6.3.1 Physical Layer of GPRS and EDGE 325
6.3.2 RLC/MAC Layer and Its Functions 334
6.4 Radio Interface: Frame Structure and Channels 342
6.4.1 Review of Timing Structures 342
6.4.2 New Logical Channels in GPRS and EDGE 344
6.4.3 Association of Logical and Physical Channels 346
6.5 Network Acquisition 348
6.5.1 Cell Search and Synchronization: A Brief Review 348
6.5.2 The MS's GPRS Attach Procedure: Making the First Contact with the Core Network 349
6.5.3 Getting Ready for Packet Data Transfer: PDP Context Activation 351
6.6 Packet Transfer in GPRS and EDGE 353
6.6.1 MS-Originated Packet Transfer 353
6.6.2 MS-Terminated Packet Transfer 355
6.6.3 Management of Circuit-Switched and GPRS Paging 356
6.7 Mobility Management 358
6.7.1 Routing Area Update: STANDBY State Mobility Management 358
6.7.2 Mobility Management in READY State 359
6.8 Deployment Considerations and Network Evolution 361
6.9 Points to Remember 362
7 Fundamentals of CDMA, WCDMA, and IS-95 363
7.1 A Brief Introduction to CDMA, WCDMA, and IS-95 364
7.2 CDMA or WCDMA: An Efficient Resource-Sharing Technique 366
7.3 Characteristics of CDMA 369
7.3.1 Wideband Transmission 369
7.3.2 Frequency Reuse and Impact of Sectorization 370
7.3.3 Interference and its Control in CDMA 371
7.3.4 Handoff 375
7.3.5 Power Control 381
7.3.6 Capacity of a CDMA System 388
7.4 IS-95 System Architecture 390
7.5 IS-95 MS-Radio-Network Communications: An Overview 391
7.5.1 Duplexing: Simultaneous Downlink and Uplink Transmissions 392
7.5.2 IS-95 Protocol Stack Overview 392
7.5.3 Downlink and Uplink Radio Channels of IS-95 394
7.5.4 Physical Layer (Layer 1) Processing 399
7.5.5 Multiplex Sublayer (Between Layer 1 and Layer 2): An Overview 403
7.5.6 Layer 2 Versus Layer 3 404
7.6 IS-95 Call Setup 405
7.7 IS-95 Mobility Management 407
7.7.1 Power-On Network Acquisition-One-Way Traffic! 407
7.7.2 MS to Network: "Here I Am"-Registration and Other Idle Mode Activities 408
7.7.3 Handoff in Connected or Traffic Mode-Now We Are Getting Really Busy! 411
7.8 IS-95 Power Control 414
7.8.1 Uplink Power Control 415
7.8.2 Downlink Power Control 416
7.9 IS-95: Deployment, Evolution, and Enhancements 418
7.10 Points to Remember 420
8 CDMA20001X 423
8.1 A Brief Overview of CDMA2000 424
8.2 CDMA2000 lx Network Architecture 426
8.2.1 Overview of the Network Architecture 426
8.2.2 A Detailed View of the Packet-Switched Core Network 429
8.3 MS-Radio-Access-Network Communications 431
8.3.1 Overview of Air-Interface Protocol Stack 431
8.3.2 Radio Channels and Radio Configurations of lx 433
8.3.3 Overview of Physical Layer (Layer 1) Processing 441
8.3.4 Overview of Link Layer (Layer 2) Processing 445
8.3.5 A Brief Overview of Upper-Layer Processing 454
8.4 lx Call Setup 454
8.4.1 Voice Call Setup in lx: An Overview 455
8.4.2 Voice Call Setup in lx: A Closer Look 456
8.4.3 How About Data Call Setup in lx? 459
8.4.4 What About MS-Terminated Call Setup? 460
8.5 Over-the-Air Transmission of Traffic for Forward and Reverse Links 462
8.5.1 Forward Link Packet Data Transmission 462
8.5.2 Reverse Link Packet Data Transmission 467
8.6 Mobility Management 468
8.6.1 Registration and Authentication 469
8.6.2 Using the Access Channel 472
8.6.3 Handoff in Connected Mode: lx Enhancements 477
8.7 lx Power Control 481
8.7.1 Reverse Link Power Control for the Reverse Fundamental Channel 481
8.7.2 Forward Link Power Control for the Forward Fundamental Channel 482
8.8 lx Deployment and Evolution 484
8.9 Points to Remember 485
9 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Release 99 487
9.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Release 99: Executive Summary 488
9.2 UMTS Network Architecture 489
9.2.1 Radio Network Subsystem 491
9.2.2 Protocol Stacks: From User Equipment to the Edge of the Network 493
9.3 Radio Interface Protocol Stack between UE and UTRAN 495
9.3.1 Radio Interface Protocol Stack: A Brief Overview 495
9.3.2 Physical Layer 499
9.3.3 Medium Access Control Sublayer 503
9.3.4 Radio Link Control Sublayer 504
9.3.5 Packet Data Convergence Protocol Sublayer 510
9.3.6 Broadcast-Multicast Control Sublayer 511
9.3.7 Radio Resource Control Layer 512
9.4 Radio Interface Between the UE and the UTRAN 515
9.4.1 Overview of Frame Structure and Radio Channels 515
9.4.2 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes 519
9.4.3 Primary Synchronization Channel 523
9.4.4 Secondary Synchronization Channel 523
9.4.5 Primary Common Pilot Channel 524
9.4.6 Primary Common Control Physical Channel 525
9.4.7 Page Indicator Channel 526
9.4.8 Secondary-Common Control Physical Channel 527
9.4.9 Physical Random Access Channel 528
9.4.10 Acquisition Indicator Channel 533
9.4.11 Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel and Dedicated Physical Control Channel 534
9.4.12 Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel and Dedicated Physical Control Channel 535
9.4.13 Combining of the Downlink Channels in a Cell 536
9.4.14 Transmission of Uplink Channels by User Equipment 539
9.5 Cell Search and Synchronization 539
9.5.1 Overview of Power-Up Synchronization and Cell Search 539
9.5.2 Power-Up Synchronization and Cell Search: A Closer Look 540
9.5.3 Beyond Synchronization: User Equipment and Core Network Communications 542
9.6 Voice Call Setup 544
9.6.1 Overview of Voice Call Setup and Teardown 544
9.6.2 Detailed Voice Call Setup 545
9.7 Data Call Setup 553
9.7.1 Overview of the Data Session Setup 553
9.7.2 Detailed Data Session Setup 554
9.8 Mobility Management 557
9.8.1 Idle Mode Mobility: An Overview 558
9.8.2 Connected Mode Mobility: An Overview of Basic Concepts 559
9.8.3 Stages of Intra-Frequency Handover: A Closer Look 562
9.8.4 Intra-UMTS Inter-Frequency and Inter-RAT Handover 568
9.8.5 Compressed Mode 569
9.9 Power Control 573
9.9.1 Uplink Closed-Loop Power Control 574
9.9.2 Downlink Closed-Loop Power Control 579
9.10 Quality-of-Service in the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 580
9.11 Evolution of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 581
9.12 Points to Remember 583
10 1xEvolution-Data-Optimized Revision 0 585
10.1 lxEV-DO: Executive Summary 586
10.2 Overview of Call Setup and Data Transmission 587
10.3 Network Architecture 590
10.4 lxEV-DO Protocol Stack: An Overview 591
10.5 Introduction to Radio Channels and Timing Structure 593
10.6 A Closer Look at Forward Link Radio Channels 596
10.6.1 Pilot Channel 597
10.6.2 Medium Access Control Channel 597
10.6.3 Control Channel 600
10.6.4 Forward Traffic Channel 604
10.6.5 Combining the Forward Link Channels 610
10.7 A Closer Look at Reverse Link Channels 612
10.7.1 Access Channel 612
10.7.2 Pilot Channel and Data Channel 615
10.7.3 Data Rate Control Channel 617
10.7.4 Acknowledgment Channel 619
10.7.5 Combining of the Reverse Link Channels 621
10.8 Call Setup: A Closer Look 623
10.8.1 Session Setup 624
10.8.2 Point-to-Point Protocol Setup 628
10.8.3 Mobile Internet Protocol Setup 628
10.9 Forward Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 630
10.10 Reverse Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 633
10.10.1 Stage 1: Configuration of the Access Terminal with Reverse Link Parameters 633
10.10.2 Stage 2: Fast Indications of Reverse Link Interference 635
10.10.3 Stage 3: Execution of the Reverse Link Data Determination Algorithm 635
10.10.4 Stage 4: The Access Terminal's Data Transmission 638
10.11 Mobility Management in 1 xEV-DO 640
10.12 A Glimpse of 1 xEV-DO Optimization 642
10.12.1 RF Optimization 643
10.12.2 Parameter and Configuration Optimization 644
10.13 1 xRTT and 1 xEV-DO Interworking 645
10.14 lxEV-DO Link Budget 646
10.15 Points to Remember 649
11 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 651
11.1 Overview of Third Generation Partnership Project Release 5 652
11.2 A Bird's-Eye View of High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Data Transmission 653
11.3 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Channels and Their Use: A Deep Dive 655
11.3.1 High-Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel 655
11.3.2 High-Speed-Shared Control Channel 659
11.3.3 High-Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel 667
11.4 Data Transmission Process 671
11.4.1 Step 1: Reporting of Channel Conditions 671
11.4.2 Step 2: Scheduling of Users and User Packets 672
11.4.3 Step 3: Packet Transmission from the Node B and Packet Reception at UEs 677
11.4.4 Step 4: UE Response to a Received Packet 680
11.5 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Call Setup 681
11.6 Resource Management of the High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Channels 683
11.7 Mobility Management in High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 685
11.8 Network and UE Architecture 689
11.8.1 Radio Interface Protocol Stack Changes from Release 99 to Release 5 689
11.8.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access UE Categories 691
11.8.3 Interaction Between the Node B and the RNC for High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 691
11.8.4 Construction of a Packet at the Node B 695
11.9 Points to Remember 697
12 1x Evolution-Data-Optimized Revision A 699
12.1 Introduction 700
12.2 Overview of Rev. A Enhancements 702
12.3 Characteristics of Physical Layer Subtypes 705
12.3.1 Overview of Physical Layer Subtypes 705
12.3.2 Reverse Link Frame Structure of Subtype 2 Physical Layer 706
12.4 Rev. A Forward Link Channels 707
12.4.1 Overview of FL Channels 707
12.4.2 ARQ Channel: A New Forward Link Channel in Rev. A 715
12.5 Overview of Rev. A Reverse Link Channels 718
12.5.1 Access Channel and RRI Channel Enhancements in Rev. A 721
12.5.2 Auxiliary Pilot Channel and DSC Channel: New Rev. A Channels 723
12.6 Rev. A Enhancement for Call Setup and Session Setup 724
12.6.1 Session Configuration and Multiple Personalities 725
12.6.2 Generic Attribute Update Protocol 728
12.6.3 Multimode Capability Discovery Protocol 728
12.7 Rev. A Forward Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 728
12.7.1 Overview of Enhancements in Forward Link Transmission 728
12.7.2 DRC Enhancements 731
12.7.3 Multi-User Packets 734
12.7.4 MACIndex Enhancements 737
12.7.5 The AT's Detection of the FL Packet 739
12.7.6 Forward Link H-ARQ 739
12.8 Overview of Rev. A Reverse Link Data Rate Control 740
12.9 Reverse Link Interference Control via T2P 742
12.9.1 Motivation for T2P-Based Rate Control 743
12.9.2 What Is T2P, Anyway? 744
12.10 Subtype 2 RTC MAC Protocol Data Rate Control 745
12.10.1 Terminology for Subtype 2 and 3 RTC MAC Protocol 745
12.10.2 Overview of RL Data Transmission 750
12.10.3 A Comprehensive View of RL Data Transmission 751
12.11 Subtype 3 RTC MAC Protocol Data Rate Control 756
12.11.1 Overview of RL Data Transmission 756
12.11.2 Detailed View of RL Data Transmission 758
12.12 Rev. A QoS Control 761
12.12.1 Air-Interface QoS 762
12.12.2 Network QoS Control on R-P Interface 763
12.13 Handoff within 1 xEV-DO 764
12.14 Idle State Enhancements and Signaling Enhancements 766
12.15 1 xEV-DO Rev. A Interworking: Rev. 0, Rev. A, and CDMA2000 lx 767
12.16 Points to Remember 767
13 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 769
13.1 Introduction to HSUPA: An Executive Summary 770
13.2 Basics of Data Transmission: A Brief Overview 771
13.2.1 Simplified HSUPA Call Setup 772
13.2.2 Some Terminology 773
13.2.3 Major Stages of Uplink Data Transmission: An Overview 774
13.3 HSUPA Channels 777
13.3.1 The E-DCH and E-DPDCHs (Uplink) 777
13.3.2 The E-DPCCH (Uplink) 784
13.3.3 The E-AGCH (Downlink) 785
13.3.4 The E-RGCH (Downlink) 787
13.3.5 The E-HICH (Downlink) 788
13.3.6 A Really Close Look at Timing Relationships Among HSUPA Channels 789
13.4 Prior to Data Transmission 790
13.5 Steps of Uplink Data Transmission 793
13.5.1 Scheduling Requests from the UE to the Node Bs 794
13.5.2 The Node B's Determination of Grants 794
13.5.3 Determination of the Serving Grant 798
13.5.4 E-DCH Transmission 800
13.5.5 Node B's Packet Decoding and HARQ Transmission 811
13.6 Physical Layer Retransmissions and HARQ 811
13.7 Support for User Mobility 814
13.8 System Architecture 815
13.8.1 Enhancements to the Existing Architecture 815
13.8.2 Interaction Between the Node B and the RNC for the Management of HSUPA Channels and Resources 817
13.8.3 HSUPA UE Categories 818
13.9 Points to Remember 818
PART III IP MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEM AND 4G CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES
14 IP Multimedia Subsystem 823
14.1 Introduction to IMS: What and Why? 823
14.2 IMS, IP Convergence, and Fixed Mobile Convergence 827
14.3 History of IMS 828
14.4 IMS Architecture 831
14.4.1 High-Level View of the IMS Architecture 831
14.4.2 IMS Architecture: A Closer Look 835
14.5 IMS Communication Protocols for Signaling and Media Transport 841
14.5.1 Using SIP in IMS 842
14.5.2 H.248 in IMS 845
14.6 Identifying the IMS Subscriber and the IMS Elements 848
14.7 IMS Session Setup Scenarios 852
14.7.1 IMS Device to PSTN Call Setup: A Closer Look 852
14.7.2 PSTN-Originated and IMS Device-Terminated VoIP Call Setup: An Overview 856
14.7.3 Multimedia Session Setup for IMS Endpoints: A Brief Overview 858
14.8 IMS Services and Applications 860
14.9 Implementation of Quality-of-Service using IMS 862
14.10 Points to Remember 864
15 Fourth-Generation Technologies 867
15.1 Why 4G Technologies? 867
15.2 Essential Elements of 4G Technologies 869
15.3 Fundamentals of OFDM and OFDM A 871
15.3.1 OFDM and OFDM A: Why and Why Now? 871
15.3.2 OFDM: A High-Level View 872
15.3.3 Construction of Orthogonal Subcarriers 874
15.3.4 OFDM Challenges and Solutions 878
15.3.5 Simplified OFDMA Transceiver 884
15.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 888
15.4.1 Diversity Techniques: Some Simple and Some Sophisticated! 888
15.4.2 Spatial Multiplexing 892
15.4.3 Beamforming 893
15.4.4 Space-Division Multiple Access 895
15.5 WiMAX Overview 897
15.5.1 Salient Features of WiMAX 897
15.5.2 WiMAX Network Architecture 900
15.5.3 WiMAX Air Interface 902
15.5.4 WiMAX Operations 903
15.6 Overview of LTE 908
15.6.1 Salient Features of LTE 909
15.6.2 LTE Network Architecture 911
15.6.3 LTE Air Interface 914
15.6.4 LTE Operations 915
15.6.5 A Brief Overview of LTE-Advanced 919
15.7 4G Technology Challenges 921
15.8 Points to Remember 922
Appendix A: A Brief Overview of Signaling System 7 923
Appendix B: Erlang-B Table 929
Appendix C: A High-Level Comparison of Third-Generation Technologies 931
Appendix D: HSPA+ Overview 943
D. 1 Summary of HSPA+ Features 943
D.2 Data Transmission in HSPA+: A Closer Look 947
D.3 HSPA+: Beyond Release 7 952
References 955
Glossary 977
Index 991