Interpersonal Communication

Preface; Each chapter ends with a section called "Process to Performance"-which includes Review Terms, Suggested Readings, Topics for Discussion, an Observation Guide, and Exercises; PART 1: INTRODUCTORY PERSPECTIVES; CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION: COMMUNICATION AND COMPETENCE; What Is Communication?; Definitions of Human Communication; Characteristics of Communication; BOX 1.1. BONZO GOES TO COLLEGE: ATTEMPTS TO TEACH LANGUAGE TO PRIMATES; A Model of Communicative Competence; Individual Knowledge and Communicative Competence; Social Context and Communicative Competence; BOX 1.2. INSULTING THE MEAT: AN INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION RITUAL; The Link Between Process and Performance; Skill Building: On Taking a Process Perspective; CHAPTER 2: INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: BUILDING RELATIONSHIPS; What Is Interpersonal Communication? The Nature of Dyads; The Role of Interpersonal Communication in Relationships; What is a Relationship?; BOX 2.1. THE NEUROSCIENCE OF LOVE: WHY WE NEED RELATIONSHIPS; The Characteristics of Relationships; Relational Paths: Intimacy and Distance; Interpersonal Profiles: Private and Public Paths; Independence vs. Conformity: A Basic Interpersonal Dilemma; BOX 2.2. MIND YOUR MANNERS: SOME SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF ETIQUETTE; Building Relationships: What Does It Take To Be Relationally Competent?; Communication Competence and Relationships; Some Characteristics of Healthy Relationships; Skill Building: A Preview; PART 2: SENDING AND RECEIVING MESSAGES; CHAPTER 3: NONVERBAL COMPETENCE; What Is Nonverbal Communication?; Spontaneous Communication; Symbolic Communication; The Power of Nonverbal Codes; The Functions of Nonverbal Codes: Three Ways to Use Them; Expressing Meaning; Modifying Verbal Messages; Regulation the Flow of Interaction; The Structure of Nonverbal Codes: Seven Channels for Message Making; Proxemics; Physical Appearance; Gaze; BOX 3.1. THE "GUARDED SELF": HOW TO AVOID BEING SEEN IN PUBLIC; Facial Expression; Kinesics; BOX 3.2. A NONLINEAR HISTORY OF HANDSHAKING; Vocalics; Tactile Communication; Balancing Nonverbal Codes: Compensating and Reciprocating; Equilibrium Theory; Compensating and Reciprocating in Everyday Life; The Interplay of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication; Skill Building: Communicating Feelings; Expressing Feelings; Reflecting Feelings; CHAPTER 4: VERBAL COMPETENCE; What Is Language?; Differences Between the Verbal and Nonverbal Codes; Characteristics of the Verbal Code; The Functions of Language; The Structure of Language: Three Levels of Meaning; Semantic Meaning: Language and the Level of the World; Syntactic Meaning: Language at the Level of Utterance; Pragmatic Meaning: Language at the Level of Speech Art; Language, Power, and Politics; Linguistic Determinism: The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Language, Thought, and Action: Language and Naming; BOX 4.1. SPEAKING WITH NAMES: AN APACHE LANGUAGE RITUAL; BOX 4.2. TALKING TOUGH IN TEAMSTERVILLE: MALE ROLE ENACTMENT IN AN URBAN COMMUNITY; Group Membership and Language Use: Discourse and Identity; Skill Building: Initiating Conversation; CHAPTER 5: RELATIONAL COMPETENCE; What Are Relational Messages?; The Nature of Relational Messages; Sending Relational Messages; Relational Messages and Relational Definitions; The Content of Relational Messages; Sending Dominance Messages; Indicating Emotional Tone; Showing Similarity; Defining Episodes; Indicating Intimacy; How Relational Messages Affect Us; Confirming and Disconfirming Messages; BOX 5.1. NETIQUETTE: COMMON COURTESY ONLINE; Paradoxes and Double Binds; Pragmatic Patterns and Relational Sequences; Looking for Meaning in Patterns; Patterns vs. People: The Locus of Dyadic Communication; The Problem of Punctuation; Types of Patterns; Skill Building: Empathy and Perspective-Taking; PART 3: INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES; CHAPTER 6: INTERPRETIVE COMPETENCE: HOW WE PERCEIVE INDIVIDUALS, RELATIONSHIPS, AND SOCIAL EVENTS; Why Is Social Cognition Important in Interpersonal Communication?; Social Cognition and the Reception of Messages; Social Cognition and Action; Social Cognition and Control; Communication and Changes in Social Cognitions; The Structure of Social Cognition; How the Mind Works; Types of Cognitive Structures; The Perceptual Process: An Overview; Creating Structure, Stability, and Meaning; BOX 6.1. PERCEPTION GOES TO THE MOVIES: HOW CINEMATOGRAPHERS INFLUENCE WHAT WE SEE; Selective Exposure and Attention; Interpreting and Organizing Stimuli; Four Processes in Interpersonal Perception; Sizing Up Situations; Sizing Up People; Sizing Up Relationships; Explaining Behavior: Attribution Theories; Skill Building: Becoming a Competent Listener; BOX 6.2. INTERPRETIVE COMPETENCE: MAKING SENSE BY USING REFLECTIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS; Types of Listening; Developing Listening Skills; CHAPTER 7: ROLE COMPETENCE: ADAPTING TO SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS; Being Part of the Group: Following Social Rules; Social Control and Conformity Pressures; The Nature of Social Poles; BOX 7.1. THEY JUST LIKE TO BE NOT THE SAME AS US: PLAY PATTERNS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEX ROLE IDENTITIES; Choosing Our Roles; Social Support and Role Identity; Commitment and Role Identity; Rewards and Role Identity; How Social Roles Affect Communication; Communication as Performance; BOX 7.2. WHEN A MAN IS A "REAL MAN"?; Communication and Story-Telling; Skill Building: Becoming More Mindful; Mindfulness and Open-Mindedness; Increasing Mindfulness; CHAPTER 8: SELF COMPETENCE: ESTABLISHING INDIVIDUAL IDENTITIES; The Self in History; Self-Concepts: Gaining Independence from Social Roles and Rules; What is the Self-Concept?; BOX 8.1. THE SATURATED SELF: WILL YOU STILL BE YOU TOMORROW?; Self as Negative; Self as Cognitive Schema; Self as Behavioral Indicators; Self as Relational Achievement; Self as Internal Dialogue; Individual Differences and Interpersonal Communication; BOX 8.2. ZEN AND THE ART OF SELFISHNESS: "WHAT IS YOUR ORIGINAL FACE BEFORE YOUR MOTHER AND FATHER WERE BORN?"; Communicator Style; Rhetorical Sensitivity; Communication Apprehension; Attachment Styles; Intimacy Motivation; Skill Building: Improving Competence Through Self-Disclosure; What is Self-Disclosure?; General Rules for Revealing the Self; A Case Study in Disclosure: The Coming Out Process; CHAPTER 9: GOAL COMPETENCE: INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE; BOX 9.1. MOON FOR THE MISBEGOTTEN: METHODS OF CULT CONVERSION; Communication and Strategic Interaction; Instrumental, Rational, and Identity Issues; Symbolic Role-Taking and Social Sensitivity; Understanding Others' Needs; The Need for Rewards; The Need for Stability and Consistency; The Need for Self-Respect; Summary: Choice and Motivation; Identity and Influence: Source Characteristics; Power and Interpersonal Influence; Self-Presentation Strategies; Influence as Self-Persuasion; BOX 9.2. CAVEAT EMPTOR: TECHNIQUES OF CONFIDENCE TRICKSTERS; Planning Persuasive Messages: Compliance-Gaining Strategies; Kinds of Message Strategies; The Structure of Requests; Interpersonal Influence and Goal Competence; Skill Building: Becoming More Assertive; PART 4: RELATIONAL CONTEXTS; CHAPTER 10: FAMILY INTERACTION PATTERNS; Maintaining Family Ties; The Family as a System: Structure and Function; Family Structures; The Functions of the Family; The Evolving Family: Calibrating Change; BOX 10.1. A BETTER PLACE TO LIVE: HOW THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT SHAPES FAMILY AND COMMUNITY LIFE; The Dynamics of Change in the Family; Strategies of Coping with Change; Families in History; BOX 10.2. CHILDHOOD IN THE 18TH CENTURY: WHAT SHAPES THE FAMILY THAT SHAPES US?; Family Communication Patterns; Interaction Patterns in the Family as a Whole; Interaction Patterns in Family Subsystems; Communicative Competence and the Family; Family and Interpretive Competence; Family and Role Competence; Family and Goal Competence; Family and Self Competence; Family and Message Competence; Skill Building: Communicating to Comfort; CHAPTER 11: INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS: CREATING DYADIC IDENTITIES; Have People Always Had Intimate Relationships?; How are Intimate Relationships Formed Today?; Defining Private Bonds; BOX 11.1 CUPID'S SHUTTLECOCK: INDIVIDUALISM AND ROMANTIC LOVE IN 19TH CENTURY AMERICA; Friendship and Romantic Relationships; Influences in Defining Intimacy; The Creation of Intimate Relationships; Interpersonal Attraction: Opening the Door; Duck's Filtering Theory of Attraction; Interpersonal Magnets: Factors That Pull Us Together and Push Us Apart; The Closer the Better: Revealing Self to Other; Stages of Development in Friendship; Stages of Development in Romantic Coupling; BOX 11.2. PLAYING THE DATING GAME: A SOCIAL HISTORY OF COURTSHIP; Two Close for Comfort: Maintaining Identity in Intimate Relationships; Balancing Self-Identity and Relational Identity; Stages of Relational Dissolution; Warning Signs: Gottman's "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse"; Communicative Competence and Intimate Relationships; Intimacy and Interpretive Competence; Intimacy and Role Competence; Intimacy and Self Competence; Intimacy and Goal Competence; Intimacy and Message Competence; Skill Building: Managing Interpersonal Conflict and Stress; Positive Aspects of Interpersonal Conflict; Mismanaged Conflict; Effective Feedback During Conflict; Conflict Containment; CHAPTER 12: PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS: COMMUNICATING WITH COLLEAGUES AND OTHER STRANGERS; Interpersonal Communication in Public Situations; Public Realms in History; Interacting in the Public Realm Today; Communication in our Communities; Space and Place: Community Design and Communication; Third Places: Connecting with your Community; Interpersonal Communication in the Workplace; BOX 12.1. THE CONVERSATIONAL ORGANIZATION; Sizing Up Organizational Cultures; Making the Team; Serving the Customer; Drawing the Line on Relationships; BOX 12.2. "SORRY I'M NOT APOLOGIZING": CONVERSATIONAL RITUALS BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN AT WORK; Communicative Competence and Professional Relationships; Professional Relationships and Interpretive Competence; Professional Relationships and Role Competence; Professional Relationships and Self Competence; Professional Relationships and Goal Competence; Professional Relationships and Message Competence; Skill Building: Creative Conflict Management and Negotiation; Choosing Your Conflict Style; Taking a Problem-Solving Approach to Negotiation; Rules for Cooperative Problem Solving; CHAPTER 13: CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL INFLUENCES: COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE IN CONTEXT; Cultural Influences; How Cultures Differ; BOX 13.1. WHEN EAST MEETS WEST: HIDDEN DIFFERENCES IN CORPORATE COMMUNICATION STYLES; American Cultural Patterns; Ethnic, Regional, and Class Differences; BOX 13.2. IF YOU CAN'T STAND THE SHAME: DON'T PLAY THE GAME: PLAYING THE DOZENS AS A CONFLICT RITUAL; Communicating Across Cultures; Barriers to Intercultural Understanding; Communicative Competence and Culture; Culture and Interpretive Competence; Culture and Role Competence; Culture and Goal Competence; Culture and Self Competence; Culture and Message Competence; Historical Influences; The Colonial Period (1600-1780); The Early Industrial Period (1830-1880); The Modern Period (1900-1960); Communicative Competence and Historical Change; History and Interpretive Competence; History and Role Competence; History and Goal Competence; History and Self Competence; History and Message Competence; Skill Building: Increasing Sensitivity to Context; Adapting to International Differences; Increasing Subcultural Understanding; References; Indexes; Illustration Credits