Phi
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This title is printed in full color throughout.
From one of the most original and influential neuroscientists at work today, here is an exploration of consciousness unlike any other—as told by Galileo, who opened the way for the objectivity of science and is now intent on making subjective experience a part of science as well.
Galileo’s journey has three parts, each with a different guide. In the first, accompanied by a scientist who resembles Francis Crick, he learns why certain parts of the brain are important and not others, and why consciousness fades with sleep. In the second part, when his companion seems to be named Alturi (Galileo is hard of hearing; his companion’s name is actually Alan Turing), he sees how the facts assembled in the first part can be unified and understood through a scientific theory—a theory that links consciousness to the notion of integrated information (also known as phi). In the third part, accompanied by a bearded man who can only be Charles Darwin, he meditates on how consciousness is an evolving, developing, ever-deepening awareness of ourselves in history and culture—that it is everything we have and everything we are.
Not since Gödel, Escher, Bach has there been a book that interweaves science, art, and the imagination with such originality. This beautiful and arresting narrative will transform the way we think of ourselves and the world.
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Giulio Tononi is a professor of psychiatry, the David P. White Professor of Sleep Medicine, and the Distinguished Chair in Consciousness Science at the University of Wisconsin. In addition to the major scientific journals, his work has appeared in New Scientist, Science Daily, and Scientific American. His research has been the subject of articles in The New York Times and The Economist. He is the coauthor, with Nobel laureate Gerald Edelman, of A Universe of Consciousness.
Content
Preface
Prologue
1 The Dream of Galileo
Part I: EVIDENCE: Experiments of Nature
2 Introduction
Displacements
3 Cerebrum
In which is shown that the corticothalamic system generates consciousness
4 Cerebellum
In which is shown that the cerebellum, while having more neurons than the cerebrum, does not generate consciousness
5 Two Blind Painters
In which is shown that sensory inputs and pathways are not necessary for consciousness
6 A Brain Locked In
In which is shown that motor outputs and pathways are not necessary for consciousness, nor are they sufficient
7 Empress Without Memory
In which is shown that many brain circuits that help us see, hear, remember, speak, and act are not necessary for consciousness
8 A Brain Split
In which is shown that consciousness is divided if the brain is split
9 A Brain Conflicted
In which is said that consciousness can split if different regions of the brain refuse to talk to each other
10 A Brain Possessed
In which is shown that when cortical neurons fire strongly and synchronously, as during certain seizures, consciousness fades
11 A Brain Asleep
In which is shown that when cortical neurons can be on and off only together, as during dreamless sleep, consciousness fades
Part II: THEORY: Experiments of Thought
12 Introduction
The Enigma of Consciousness
13 Galileo and the Photodiode
In which is shown that the humble photodiode can tell light from dark as well as Galileo
14 Information: The Manifold Repertoire
In which is shown that the repertoire of possible experiences is as large as one can imagine
15 Galileo and the Camera
In which is shown that the sensor of a digital camera has a large repertoire of possible states, perhaps larger than Galileo’s
16 Integrated Information: The Many and the One
In which is shown that consciousness lives where information is integrated by a single entity above and beyond its parts
17 Galileo and the Bat
In which is feared that the quality of experience cannot be derived from matter
18 Seeing Dark (Deconstructing Darkness)
In which is said that darkness does not exist in a void but requires a context
19 The Meaning of Dark (Constructing Darkness)
In which is shown that darkness is built of many nested mechanisms that specify what it is not
20 The Palace of Light
In which is shown that an experience is a shape made of integrated information
21 The Garden of Qualia
In which is said that the universe is mostly dark, but the largest stars are closer than one thinks, if they are looked at with the proper instrument
Part III: IMPLICATIONS: A Universe of Consciousness
22 Introduction
Sparks and Flames
23 Nightfall I: Death
In which is said that, if consciousness is integrated information, it dissolves with death
24 Nightfall II: Dementia
In which is said that consciousness disintegrates with dementia
25 Nightfall III: Dolor
In which is said that, if the quality of consciousness is a shape made of integrated information, it can be turned into the only real and eternal Hell
26 Twilight I: Consciousness Diminished
In which is said that consciousness can be present in the absence of language and reflection
27 Twilight II: Consciousness Evolving
In which is said that animals are conscious, too
28 Twilight III: Consciousness Developing
In which is said that consciousness must be present, to some degree, even before birth
29 Daylight I: Consciousness Exploring
In which is said that, by investigating nature, new qualia are discovered
30 Daylight II: Consciousness Imagining
In which is said that art and imagination invent new shapes within the mind
31 Daylight III: Consciousness Growing
In which is said that, by growing consciousness, the universe comes more into being, the synthesis of one and many
32 Epilogue
Three Late Dreams
33 Afterthoughts
Study Questions
Acknowledgments
Illustration Credits