Understanding Intercultural Communication

DEDICATION PAGE; PREFACE; ACKNOWLEDGMENTS; ABOUT THE AUTHORS; PART ONE: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION; 1: WHY STUDY INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION?; PRACTICAL REASONS TO STUDY INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION; ADJUSTING TO GLOBAL WORKPLACE HETEROGENEITY; ADAPTING TO DOMESTIC WORKFORCE DIVERSITY; ENGAGING IN CREATIVE MULTICULTURAL PROBLEM SOLVING; COMPREHENDING THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN GLOBAL COMMUNICATION; FACILITATING BETTER MULTICULTURAL HEALTH CARE COMMUNICATION; ENHANCING INTERCULTURAL RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION; FOSTERING GLOBAL AND INTRAPERSONAL PEACE; DEEPENING CULTURAL SELF-AWARENESS AND OTHER-AWARENESS; CULTURE: A LEARNED MEANING SYSTEM; SURFACE-LEVEL CULTURE: POPULAR CULTURE; INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL CULTURE: SYMBOLS, MEANINGS, AND NORMS; DEEP-LEVEL CULTURE: TRADITIONS, BELIEFS, AND VALUES; STAMPING YOUR INTERCULTURAL PASSPORT; 2: WHAT IS INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION FLEXIBILITY?; DEFINING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: A PROCESS MODEL; INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION PROCESS: OVERALL CHARACTERISTICS; INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION: MEANING CHARACTERISTICS; PRACTICING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION FLEXIBILITY; THREE CONTENT COMPONENTS: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND SKILLS; THREE CRITERIA: APPROPRIATENESS, EFFECTIVENESS, AND ADAPTABILITY; DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION FLEXIBILITY; A STAIRCASE MODEL; AN ESSENTIAL HOOK: A MINDFUL PERSPECTIVE; DEEPENING INTERCULTURAL PROCESS THINKING; PROCESS CONSCIOUSNESS: UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES; INTERCULTURAL REALITY CHECK: DO-ABLES; 3: WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIAL CULTURAL VALUE PATTERNS?; FUNCTIONS OF CULTURAL VALUES; ANALYZING CULTURAL VALUES; IDENTITY MEANING FUNCTION; EXPLANATORY FUNCTION; MOTIVATIONAL FUNCTION; INGROUP-OUTGROUP EVALUATIVE FUNCTION; ANALYZING CULTURAL VALUE DIMENSIONS; DISCOVERING CULTURAL VALUES; IDENTITY: INDIVIDUALISM-COLLECTIVISM VALUE PATTERN; POWER: SMALL-LARGE POWER DISTANCE VALUE PATTERN; UNCERTAINTY: WEAK-STRONG UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE VALUE PATTERN; SEX ROLES: FEMININE-MASCULINE VALUE PATTERN; ADDITIONAL VALUE ORIENTATION PATTERNS; VALUE ORIENTATIONS: BACKGROUND INFORMATION; MEANING: ACTIVITY VALUE ORIENTATION; DESTINY: PEOPLE-NATURE VALUE ORIENTATION; TIME: TEMPORAL VALUE ORIENTATION; INDIVIDUAL SOCIALIZATION DEVELOPMENT; INDEPENDENT VERSUS INTERDEPENDENT SELF-CONSTRUAL; HORIZONTAL VERSUS VERTICAL SELF-CONSTRUAL; INTERNAL VERSUS EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL; INTERCULTURAL REALITY CHECK: DO-ABLES; 4: WHAT ARE THE KEYS TO UNDERSTANDING CULTURAL AND ETHNIC IDENTITIES?; FAMILY AND GENDER SOCIALIZATION; FAMILIES COME IN DIFFERENT SHAPES; GENDER SOCIALIZATION AND INTERACTION PATTERNS; GROUP MEMBERSHIP: INTERCULTURAL BOUNDARY CROSSING; THE PROCESS OF ACCULTURATION AND ENCULTURATION; SYSTEMS-LEVEL FACTORS; INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL FACTORS; F2F AND NETWORK-LEVEL FACTORS; MASS MEDIA-LEVEL FACTORS; GROUP AFFILIATION AND IDENTITY FORMATION; CULTURAL IDENTITY CONCEPTUALIZATION; ETHNIC IDENTITY CONCEPTUALIZATION; ETHNIC/RACIAL IDENTITY CHANGE PROCESS; CULTURAL-ETHNIC IDENTITY TYPOLOGICAL MODEL; RACIAL-ETHNIC IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT MODEL; MULTIRACIAL AND BIRACIAL IDENTITY; INTERCULTURAL REALITY CHECK: DO-ABLES; PART TWO: CROSSING CULTURAL AND COMMUNICATION BOUNDARIES ADAPTIVELY; 5: WHAT IS CULTURE SHOCK?; UNPACKING CULTURE SHOCK; CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE SHOCK; PROS AND CONS OF CULTURE SHOCK; APPROACHING CULTURE SHOCK: UNDERLYING FACTORS; INITIAL TIPS TO MANAGE CULTURE SHOCK; INTERCULTURAL ADJUSTMENT: DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS; THE U-CURVE ADJUSTMENT MODEL; THE REVISED W-SHAPED ADJUSTMENT MODEL; CULTURE SHOCK: PEAKS AND VALLEYS; REENTRY CULTURE SHOCK; REENTRY CULTURE SHOCK: SURPRISING ELEMENTS; RESOCIALIZATION: DIFFERENT RETURNEES' PROFILES; INTERCULTURAL REALITY CHECK: DO-ABLES; 6: WHAT IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN VERBAL COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE?; HUMAN LANGUAGE: DISTINCTIVE FEATURES AND RULE PATTERNS; DISTINCTIVE LANGUAGE FEATURES: ARBITRARINESS, ABSTRACTNESS, MEANING-CENTEREDNESS, AND CREATIVITY; MULTIPLE RULE PATTERNS: PHONOLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, SYNTACTIC, SEMANTIC, AND PRAGMATIC RULES; APPRECIATING DIVERSE LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS; THE CULTURAL WORLDVIEW FUNCTION; THE EVERYDAY SOCIAL REALITY FUNCTION; THE COGNITIVE SHAPING FUNCTION; THE GROUP MEMBERSHIP IDENTITY FUNCTION; THE SOCIAL CHANGE FUNCTION; VERBAL COMMUNICATION STYLES: A GENERAL FRAMEWORK; DEFINING LOW-CONTEXT AND HIGH-CONTEXT INTERACTION PATTERNS; DIRECT AND INDIRECT VERBAL STYLES; SELF-ENHANCEMENT AND SELF-HUMBLING VERBAL STYLES; BELIEFS EXPRESSED IN TALK AND SILENCE; INTERCULTURAL REALITY CHECK: DO-ABLES; 7: WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT WAYS TO COMMUNICATE NONVERBALLY ACROSS CULTURES?; THE IMPACT OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; MAKING SENSE OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; ONE CODE, COUNTLESS INTERPRETATIONS; VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMPARISONS; FORMS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION; PHYSICAL APPEARANCE; PARALANGUAGE; FACIAL EXPRESSIONS; GESTURES; HAPTICS; BOUNDARY REGULATIONS; REGULATING INTERPERSONAL BOUNDARIES; ENVIRONMENTAL BOUNDARIES; PSYCHOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES; REGULATING TIME; INTERCULTURAL REALITY CHECK: DO-ABLES; PART THREE: MANAGING CHALLENGES IN INTERCULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS FLEXIBLY; 8: WHAT CAUSES US TO HOLD BIASES AGAINST OUTGROUPS?; HUMAN PERCEPTION TENDENCIES: SOME GENERAL PRINCIPLES; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; SELECTIVE ORGANIZATION AND LABELING; SELECTIVE INTERPRETATION; BIASED INTERGROUP FILTERS: ETHNOCENTRISM AND STEREOTYPES; ETHNOCENTRISM AND COMMUNICATION; DISTANCES OF INDIFFERENCE, AVOIDANCE, AND DISPARAGEMENT; DEVELOPMENTAL MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY (DMIS); STEREOTYPES AND COMMUNICATION; STEREOTYPES: WE ARE WHAT WE WATCH; MARKING INGROUP/OUTGROUP MEMBERSHIP BOUNDARIES; US VERSUS THEM; GROUP MEMBERSHIP STRUGGLES; INTERGROUP ATTRIBUTION BIASES; SHATTERED LENS: PREJUDICE, DISCRIMINATION, AND RACISM; PREJUDICE: MULTIPLE EXPLANATIONS AND FUNCTIONS; PREJUDICED REMARKS OR INNOCENT JOKES?; FOUR DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES; DIFFERENT TYPES OF RACISM; REDUCING PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION; INTERCULTURAL REALITY CHECK: DO-ABLES; 9: HOW CAN WE MANAGE INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT FLEXIBLY?; INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT: CULTURAL BACKGROUND FACTORS; CULTURE-BASED CONFLICT LENSES; INTERCULTURAL WORKPLACE CONFLICT GRID; INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT PERCEPTIONS; INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT GOAL ISSUES; PERCEIVED SCARCE RESOURCES; INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT PROCESS FACTORS; DEFINING CONFLICT STYLES; CROSS-CULTURAL CONFLICT STYLES; CROSS-ETHNIC CONFLICT STYLES AND FACEWORK; FLEXIBLE INTERCULTURAL CONFLICT SKILLS; FACEWORK MANAGEMENT; MINDFUL LISTENING; CULTURAL EMPATHY; MINDFUL REFRAMING; ADAPTIVE CODE-SWITCHING; INTERCULTURAL REALITY CHECK: DO-ABLES; 10: WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES IN DEVELOPING AN INTERCULTURAL-INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP?; DEVELOPING INTERCULTURAL-INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS: INVISIBLE CHALLENGES; CULTURAL-ETHNIC MEMBERSHIP VALUES; LOVE EXPECTATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS; AUTONOMY-CONNECTION ISSUES; COMMUNICATION DECODING ISSUES; INTERCULTURAL-INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP ATTRACTION: FACILITATING FACTORS; PERCEIVED PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS; PERCEIVED SIMILARITY; CROSS-CULTURAL SELF-DISCLOSURE COMPARISONS; ONLINE DISCLOSURE OF AFFECTION; THIRD PARTY MATCHMAKERS: ONLINE AND MOBILE DATING; INTERCULTURAL/INTERRACIAL ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT; INTERCULTURAL-INTIMATE CONFLICT: OBSTACLES AND STUMBLING BLOCKS; THE ENCOUNTER: PREJUDICE AND RACISM; COUNTERING RACISM AND PREJUDICE: COPING STRATEGIES; RELATIONAL TRANSGRESSIONS AND TERMINATIONS; RAISING SECURE BICULTURAL CHILDREN; BICULTURAL IDENTITY STRUGGLES; CULTIVATING A SECURE MULTIFACETED IDENTITY; INTERCULTURAL REALITY CHECK: DO-ABLES; 11: WHAT ARE THE COMMUNICATION ISSUES FACING A GLOBAL IDENTITY?; WIRED AND ON: THE ROAR OF THE INTERNET; THE INTERNET AS OUR CENTRAL STATION; WIRED COMMUNICATION; THE TRANSFORMATION OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL IDENTITIES; THE LENS OF TELEVISION: IDENTITY IMITATION; GLOBAL TELEVISION IMPACT; BE HIP, BE HOT, AND POP CULTURE IMPACT; OUTSOURCED BEATS: YOU ARE WHAT YOU CAN DANCE TO; YOU ARE WHAT YOU WEAR: POP CULTURE AS FASHION; WHO AND WHAT ARE E.NETIZENS?; DEFINING THE BACKGROUND OF E.NETIZENS; CHARACTERISTICS OF AN E.NETIZEN IDENTITY; THE DIALECTICS PULLS OF AN E.NETIZEN; SPATIAL ZONE DIALECTICS; TEMPORAL ZONE DIALECTICS; THE TIPPING POINT: COMMUNICATION PATTERN CHANGES; GADGET COMMUNICATION PATTERNS: FAST AND FURIOUS; SHARING INTIMATE PARTNERS WITH A GADGET; LANGUAGE STYLES: TEXT, TWEET, TALK; COMMUNICATING TO BE SOCIAL CHANGE AGENTS; PRESENT BUT VIRTUAL; PERSONAL IDENTITIES IN FLUX: THE GLOBAL FACE; INTERCULTURAL REALITY CHECK: DO-ABLES; 12: HOW CAN WE BECOME ETHICAL INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATORS?; INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION ETHICS: CONTEMPORARY ISSUES; GLOBAL STANDARD PROCEDURE AND LOCAL JUSTICE ISSUES; CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY AND LOCAL CUSTOMARY PRACTICE; CULTURAL VALUE CLASH AND COMMUNICATION PREFERENCE; MULTIPLE ETHICAL POSITIONS: ASSESSING PROS AND CONS; ETHICAL ABSOLUTISM POSITION; ETHICAL RELATIVISM POSITION; ETHICAL UNIVERSALISM POSITION; META-ETHICS CONTEXTUALISM POSITION; BECOMING ETHICAL AND FLEXIBLE INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATORS; BECOMING ETHICAL: TEN QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER; BECOMING FLEXIBLE: FINAL PASSPORT DO-ABLES; REFERENCES; GLOSSARY; INDEX