Sampling

Preface xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix 1 Introduction 1 PART I BASIC SAMPLING 9 2 Simple Random Sampling 11 Entering Data in R, 26 Sample Estimates, 27 Simulation, 28 Further Comments on the Use of Simulation, 32 Exercises, 35 3 Confidence Intervals 39 Confidence Interval Computation, 44 Simulations Illustrating the Approximate Normality of a Sampling Distribution with Small n and N, 45 Daily Precipitation Data, 46 Exercises, 50 4 Sample Size 53 Exercises, 56 5 Estimating Proportions, Ratios, and Subpopulation Means 57 Estimating a Subpopulation Mean, 63 Estimating a Proportion for a Subpopulation, 64 Estimating a Subpopulation Total, 64 Exercises, 65 6 Unequal Probability Sampling 67 Writing an R Function to Simulate a Sampling Strategy, 82 Comparing Sampling Strategies, 84 Exercises, 88 PART II MAKING THE BEST USE OF SURVEY DATA 91 7 Auxiliary Data and Ratio Estimation 93 Types of Estimators for a Ratio, 109 Exercises, 112 8 Regression Estimation 115 Exercises, 124 9 The Sufficient Statistic in Sampling 125 10 Design and Model 131 PART III SOME USEFUL DESIGNS 139 11 Stratified Sampling 141 With Any Stratified Design, 142 With Stratified Random Sampling, 143 With Any Stratified Design, 144 With Stratified Random Sampling, 144 Optimum Allocation, 149 Poststratification Variance, 150 Exercises, 155 12 Cluster and Systematic Sampling 157 Unbiased Estimator, 159 Ratio Estimator, 160 Hansen-Hurwitz (PPS) Estimator, 161 Horvitz-Thompson Estimator, 161 Exercises, 169 13 Multistage Designs 171 Unbiased Estimator, 173 Ratio Estimator, 175 Unbiased Estimator, 179 Ratio Estimator, 181 Probability-Proportional-to-Size Sampling, 181 More Than Two Stages, 181 Exercises, 182 14 Double or Two-Phase Sampling 183 Approximate Mean and Variance: Ratio Estimation, 188 Optimum Allocation for Ratio Estimation, 189 Expected Value and Variance: Stratification, 189 Nonresponse, Selection Bias, or Volunteer Bias, 191 Double Sampling to Adjust for Nonresponse: Callbacks, 192 Response Modeling and Nonresponse Adjustments, 193 Exercises, 197 PART IV METHODS FOR ELUSIVE AND HARD-TO-DETECT POPULATIONS 199 15 Network Sampling and Link-Tracing Designs 201 Multiplicity Estimator, 202 Horvitz-Thompson Estimator, 204 Exercises, 213 16 Detectability and Sampling 215 Exercises, 227 17 Line and Point Transects 229 Estimating f (0) by the Kernel Method, 237 Fourier Series Method, 239 Unbiased Estimator, 241 Ratio Estimator, 243 Line Transects and Detectability Functions, 247 Single Transect, 249 Average Detectability, 249 Random Transect, 250 Average Detectability and Effective Area, 251 Effect of Estimating Detectability, 252 Probability Density Function of an Observed Distance, 253 Estimation of Individual Detectabilities, 256 Exercise, 260 18 Capture-Recapture Sampling 263 Random Sampling with Replacement of Detectability Units, 269 Random Sampling without Replacement, 270 Exercise, 273 19 Line-Intercept Sampling 275 Exercises, 282 PART V SPATIAL SAMPLING 283 20 Spatial Prediction or Kriging 285 Exercise, 299 21 Spatial Designs 301 22 Plot Shapes and Observational Methods 305 PART VI ADAPTIVE SAMPLING 313 23 Adaptive Sampling Designs 315 24 Adaptive Cluster Sampling 319 Initial Simple Random Sample without Replacement, 322 Initial Random Sample with Replacement, 323 Initial Sample Mean, 323 Estimation Using Draw-by-Draw Intersections, 323 Estimation Using Initial Intersection Probabilities, 325 Sampling, 328 Exercises, 337 25 Systematic and Strip Adaptive Cluster Sampling 339 Initial Sample Mean, 343 Estimator Based on Partial Selection Probabilities, 344 Estimator Based on Partial Inclusion Probabilities, 345 Exercises, 352 26 Stratified Adaptive Cluster Sampling 353 Estimators Using Expected Numbers of Initial Intersections, 357 Estimator Using Initial Intersection Probabilities, 359 Exercises, 367 Answers to Selected Exercises 369 References 375 Author Index 395 Subject Index 399