Heat Transfer Applications for the Practicing Engineer

Preface xv Introductory Comments xvii Part One Introduction 1. History of Heat Transfer 3 Introduction 3 Peripheral Equipment 4 Recent History 5 References 6 2. History of Chemical Engineering: Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations 7 Introduction 7 History of Chemical Engineering 8 Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations 10 What is Engineering? 12 References 13 3. Process Variables 15 Introduction 15 Units and Dimensional Consistency 16 Key Terms and Definitions 19 Fluids 19 Temperature 19 Pressure 20 Moles and Molecular Weights 22 Mass and Volume 23 Viscosity 25 Heat Capacity 27 Thermal Conductivity 28 Thermal Diffusivity 30 Reynolds Number 30 Kinetic Energy 31 Potential Energy 32 Determination of Dimensionless Groups 33 References 36 4. Conservation Laws 37 Introduction 37 The Conservation Laws 38 The Conservation Law for Momentum 38 The Conservation Law for Mass 40 The Conservation Law for Energy 45 References 54 5. Gas Laws 55 Introduction 55 Boyle's and Charles' Laws 56 The Ideal Gas Law 57 Standard Conditions 60 Partial Pressure and Partial Volume 63 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior 65 References 65 6. Heat Exchanger Pipes and Tubes 67 Introduction 67 Pipes 67 Tubes 73 Valves and Fittings 75 Valves 75 Fittings 77 Noncircular Conduits 78 Flow Considerations 80 References 83 Part Two Principles 7. Steady-State Heat Conduction 87 Introduction 87 Fourier's Law 87 Conductivity Resistances 90 Microscopic Approach 99 Applications 102 References 114 8. Unsteady-State Heat Conduction 115 Introduction 115 Classification of Unsteady-State Heat Conduction Processes 116 Microscopic Equations 117 Applications 118 References 130 9. Forced Convection 131 Introduction 131 Convective Resistances 134 Heat Transfer Coefficients: Qualitative Information 137 Heat Transfer Coefficients: Quantitative Information 138 Flow Past a Flat Plate 141 Flow in a Circular Tube 146 Liquid Metal Flow in a Circular Tube 147 Convection Across Cylinders 148 Microscopic Approach 155 References 159 10. Free Convection 161 Introduction 161 Key Dimensionless Numbers 162 Describing Equations 164 Environmental Applications 171 Lapse Rates 171 Plume Rise 173 References 176 11. Radiation 177 Introduction 177 Energy and Intensity 180 Radiant Exchange 183 Kirchoff's Law 184 Emissivity Factors 189 View Factors 196 References 200 12. Condensation and Boiling 201 Introduction 201 Condensation Fundamentals 203 Phase Equilibrium 205 Psychrometric Chart 207 Steam Tables 208 Condensation Principles 209 Boiling Fundamentals 215 Boiling Principles 218 References 225 13. Refrigeration and Cryogenics 227 Introduction 227 Background Material 228 Refrigeration 228 Cryogenics 230 Liquefaction 231 Cryogens 232 Equipment 234 Typical Heat Exchangers 234 Materials of Construction 235 Insulation and Heat Loss 236 Storage and Transportation 240 Hazards, Risks, and Safety 241 Physiological Hazards 241 Physical Hazards 242 Chemical Hazards 244 Basic Principles and Applications 244 Coefficient of Performance 246 Thermal Efficiency 248 Entropy and Heat 252 References 253 Part Three Heat Transfer Equipment Design Procedures and Applications 14. Introduction to Heat Exchangers 257 Introduction 257 Energy Relationships 258 Heat Exchange Equipment Classification 260 The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Driving Force 262 Temperature Profiles 265 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 268 Fouling Factors 271 The Controlling Resistance 272 Varying Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients 276 The Heat Transfer Equation 278 References 279 15. Double Pipe Heat Exchangers 281 Introduction 281 Equipment Description 282 Describing Equations 286 Calculation of Exit Temperatures 298 Effectiveness Factor and Number of Transfer Units 304 Wilson's Method 309 References 313 16. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 315 Introduction 315 Equipment Description 316 Describing Equations 322 The "F" Factor 328 Effectiveness Factor and Number of Transfer Units 344 References 356 17. Fins and Extended Surfaces 357 Introduction 357 Fin Types 358 Describing Equations 360 Fin Effectiveness and Performance 371 Fin Considerations 380 References 380 18. Other Heat Exchange Equipment 381 Introduction 381 Evaporators 382 Mixing Effects 384 Waste Heat Boilers 392 Describing Equations 394 Condensers 401 Quenchers 404 Dilution with Ambient Air 405 Quenching with Liquids 405 Contact with High Heat Capacity Solids 405 Natural Convection and Radiation 406 Forced-Draft Cooling 406 References 410 19. Insulation and Refractory 411 Introduction 411 Describing Equations 411 Insulation 430 Critical Insulation Thickness 431 Refractory 435 References 442 20. Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection (OM&I) 443 Introduction 443 Installation Procedures 443 Clearance Provisions 444 Foundations 444 Leveling 444 Piping Considerations 444 Operation 445 Startup 446 Shut Down 446 Maintenance and Inspection 446 Cleaning 446 Testing 447 Improving Operation and Performance 448 References 449 21. Entropy Considerations and Analysis 451 Introduction 451 Qualitative Review of the Second Law 452 Describing Equations 453 The Heat Exchanger Dilemma 455 Applications 460 References 463 22. Design Principles and Industrial Applications 465 Introduction 465 General Design Procedures 466 Process Schematics 467 Purchasing a Heat Exchanger 468 Applications 470 References 490 Part Four Special Topics 23. Environmental Management 493 Introduction 493 Environmental Management History 493 Environmental Management Topics 495 Applications 496 References 503 24. Accident and Emergency Management 505 Introduction 505 Legislation 506 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 506 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) 507 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 508 USEPA's Risk Management Program (RMP) 509 Hazard Risk Assessment 510 Applications 513 References 531 25. Ethics 533 Introduction 533 Teaching Ethics 534 The Case Study Approach 535 Applications 537 References 540 26. Numerical Methods 541 Introduction 541 History 542 Partial Differential Equations (PDE) 544 Parabolic PDE 545 Elliptical PDE 546 Regresion Analysis 554 Correlation Coefficient 557 Optimization 560 Perturbation Studies in Optimization 560 References 562 27. Economics and Finance 563 Introduction 563 The Need for Economic Analyses 563 Definitions 565 Simple Interest 565 Compound Interest 565 Present Worth 566 Evaluation of Sums of Money 566 Depreciation 567 Fabricated Equipment Cost Index 567 Capital Recovery Factor 567 Present Net Worth 568 Perpetual Life 568 Break-Even Point 569 Approximate Rate of Return 569 Exact Rate of Return 569 Bonds 570 Incremental Cost 570 Optimization 570 Principles of Accounting 571 Applications 573 References 588 28. Open-Ended Problems 589 Introduction 589 Developing Students' Power of Critical Thinking 592 Creativity 592 Brainstorming 593 Inquiring Minds 594 Applications 594 References 602 Appendix A. Units 603 Appendix B. Tables 613 Appendix C. Figures 627 Appendix D. Steam Tables 631 Index 639