Geological Aspects of Hazardous Waste Management

CONTENTS -- Chapter-1 Introduction -- The Waste Problem -- Waste Disposal Alternatives -- The Role of the Geologist -- Bibliography -- Chapter-2 Regulatory Framework -- Introduction -- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) -- Clean Water Act (CWA) -- Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) -- Drinking Water Standards -- Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program -- Sole Source Aquifers (SSA) -- Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) -- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) -- Hazardous and Toxic Wastes -- Mining Wastes -- Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) -- Remedial Investigation /Feasibility Study -- Environmental Site Assessments -- Oil-Field Properties -- Geothermal Properties -- Bibliography -- Chapter-3 Geologic Principles -- Introduction -- Porosity, Permeability, and Diagenesis -- Sedimentary Sequences and Facies Architecture -- Fluvial Sequences -- Alluvial Fan Sequences -- Deltaic Sequences -- Glacial Sequences -- Eolian Sequences -- Carbonate Sequences -- Volcanic-Sedimentary Sequences -- Structural Style and Framework -- Faults -- Fractured Media -- Seismicity -- Bibliography -- Chapter-4 Hydrogeologic Principles -- Introduction -- The Flux Equation -- Darcy's Law -- Fick's Law -- Gases and Vapors -- Saturated Systems -- Types of Aquifers -- Steady State Flow -- Nonsteady Flow -- Unsaturated Systems -- Capillary Barriers -- Groundwater Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Chapter-5 Techniques for Subsurface Characterization -- Introduction -- Subsurface Exploration -- Soil and Rock Borings -- Hollow-Stem Auger Drilling -- Cable-Tool Drilling -- Rotary Drilling -- Wire-Line Coring -- Horizontal Drilling -- Monitoring Wells and Piezometers -- Vapor Wells -- Cone Penetration Testing -- Classification of Subsurface Materials -- Unconsolidated Deposits -- Unified Soil Classification System -- Burmister Soil Identification System -- Comprehensive Soil Classification System -- Other Pertinent Soil Information -- Consolidated Deposits -- Soil Vapor Monitoring -- Boring Logs and Well Construction Details -- Boring Logs -- Well Construction Details -- Soil Vapor Monitoring -- Bibliography -- Chapter-6 Geophysical Applications -- Introduction -- Surface Geophysical Techniques -- Ground Penetrating Radar -- Electromagnetic Induction -- Resistivity -- Seismic -- Gravity -- Magnetometry -- Downhole Geophysical Techniques -- Nuclear Logs -- Natural Gamma Logs -- Gamma-Spectrometry Logs -- Gamma-Gamma Logs -- Neutron-Epithermal Neutron Logs -- Other Nuclear Logs -- Electric Logs -- Resistivity Logs -- Spontaneous-Potential Logs -- Dipmeter Logs -- Fluid Logs -- Conductivity Logs -- Flow Logs -- Temperature Logs -- Caliper Logs -- Acoustic Logs -- Acoustic-Velocity Logs -- Acoustic Wave-Form Logs -- Cement-Bond Logs -- Acoustic-Televiewer Logs -- Bibliography -- Chapter-7 Waste Characterization -- Introduction -- Waste Characterization -- Soil as a Hazardous Waste -- Groundwater as a Hazardous Waste -- Selection of Maximum Contaminant Levels and Goals -- Crude Oil -- Debris Rule -- Declassification -- Bibliography -- Chapter-8 Subsurface Processes -- Introduction -- Physical Processes -- Advection -- Dispersion -- Diffusion -- Volatilization -- Filtration -- Biological Processes -- Subsurface Organisms -- Nutrition, Energy, and Cell Metabolism -- Enzymes, DNA, and Plasmids -- The Bacterial Cell and Biological Processes -- Biodegradation of Xenobiotics -- Biovolatilization -- Bioassimilation and Bioaccumulation -- Biomineralization -- Chemical Processes -- Solute Concentrations in Natural Waters -- Chemical Equilibria -- Henry's Law and Dissolved Gases -- Dissociation -- Acid /Base Reactions -- Dissolution /Precipitation -- Hydrolysis -- Oxidation /Reduction (Redox) -- Complexation -- The Carbonate System -- Speciation -- Thermal Degradation -- Photochemical Reactions -- Ion Exchange and Sorption -- Retardation Factors -- Bibliography -- Chapter-9 Nonaqueous Phase Liquids -- Introduction -- Properties of NAPLs -- Light Nonaqueous Phase Liquids -- LNAPL Apparent vs Actual Thickness -- LNAPL Recovery Considerations -- Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids -- DNAPL Apparent vs Actual Thickness -- DNAPL Recovery Considerations -- Source Identification -- Bibliography -- Chapter-10 Landfill Disposal -- Introduction -- Landfill Design -- Liner System -- Leachate Collection and Removal System -- Siting Criteria -- Vadose Detection Monitoring -- Lysimeters -- Neutron Moisture Probes -- Groundwater Detection Monitoring -- Point of Compliance -- Well Placement -- Parametric Studies -- Case Histories -- Arlington Facility, North-Central Oregon -- Site Description -- Facility Layout and Operation -- Geologic Setting -- Hydrogeologic Setting -- Groundwater Monitoring System Design -- Casmalia Resources Facility, Southern California -- Site Description -- Facility Layout and Operation -- Geologic Setting -- Hydrogeologic Setting -- Groundwater Monitoring System Design -- Bibliography -- Chapter-11 Underground Injection -- Introduction -- Classes of Injection Wells -- Class I Wells -- Class II Wells -- Class III Wells -- Class IV Wells -- Class V Wells -- Siting Criteria -- Designation of Underground Sources of Drinking Water -- Aquifer Exemption -- Hydrogeologic Considerations -- Injection Zone Characteristics -- Confining Zone Characteristics -- Area of Review -- Design Criteria -- Reporting and Monitoring -- Geochemical Fate of Injected Hazardous Waste -- Bibliography -- Chapter-12 Underground Geologic Repositories -- Introduction -- Siting Criteria -- Host Rock Types -- Rock Salt -- Granite -- Basalts -- Volcanic Tuffs -- Sedimentary Rocks -- Design Considerations -- Existing Mines -- Solution-Mined Caverns -- Mining Methods -- Rock Mechanics -- Newly Mined Space -- Bibliography -- Chapter-13 Ocean Disposal -- Introduction -- Types of Ocean Waste -- Dredged Materials -- Sewage Sludge -- Industrial Wastes -- Construction Debris -- Incineration Residue Waste -- Other Waste Types -- The Ocean Environment -- Continental Margins -- Continental Shelf -- Continental Slope -- Shelfbreak -- Continental Rise -- Deep Ocean Regimes -- Abyssal Plains -- Abyssal Hills -- Ocean Processes -- Physical Processes -- Chemical Processes -- Biological Processes -- Geologic Considerations -- Stability and Predictability -- Sediment Properties -- Sediment Processes -- Bibliography -- Appendices -- A Conversions for International System (SI Metric) and United States Units -- B Glossary of Regulatory Terms of Geologic Significance -- C Analysis Reference Chart -- Index.